Chemistry HSC Science Class 12 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2024-25

• Occurrence of metals
• Minerals and ores

• Gravity separation or Hydraulic wash
• Froth flotation
• Leaching

1. Cyanide leaching
2. Ammonia leaching
3. Alkali leaching 
4. Acid leaching

•  Magnetic separation

• Conversion to oxide

1. Calcination
2. Roasting

• Reduction of oxide to the metal

1. Pyrometallurgy
2. Hydrometallurgy
3. Electrometallurgy

• Ellingham diagrams
• Significance of Ellingham diagram
• Limitations of Ellingham diagram
• Selection of reducing agent

• Aluminium - Hall-Heroult process
• Copper from Low Grade Ores and Scraps

• Distillation
• Liquation
• Electrolytic refining
• Zone Refining
• Vapour phase method 

• Applications of Al
• Applications of Zn
• Applications of Fe 
• Applications of Cu 
• Applications of Au

• Electronic configuration and oxidation state
• Metallic nature
• Ionisation Enthalpy
• Electronegativity
• Anomalous properties o f the first elements:
• Inert pair effect
• Allotropism in p-block elements

• Occurrence
• Physical properties
• Chemical properties of boron
• Borax [Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O]
• Boric acid [H₃BO₃ or B(OH)₃]
• Diborane
• Boron trifluoride
• Aluminium chloride
• Alums

• Occurrence
• Physical properties
• Tendency for catenation
• Allotropes of carbon
• Carbon monoxide [CO]
• Carbon dioxide
• Silicon tetrachloride
• Silicones
• Silicates
• Zeolites

• Occurrence
• Physical properties
• Nitrogen
• Ammonia (NH₃)
• Nitric acid
• Oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen
• Allotropic forms of phosphorus
• Properties of phosphorus
• Phosphine (PH₃) 
• Phosphorous trichloride and pentachloride
• Structure of oxides and oxoacids of phosphorus

• Allotrophic forms of sulphur
• Sulphur dioxide
• Sulphuric acid: (H₂SO₄) 

• Chlorine
• Manufacture of chlorine
• Hydrochloric acid
• Trends in physical and chemical properties of hydrogen halides
• Inter halogen compounds
• Oxides of halogen
• Oxoacids of halogens

• Occurrence

• Metallic behavior
• Variation of atomic and ionic size
• Ionization enthalpy
• Oxidation state
• Standard electrode potentials of transition metals
• Magnetic properties
• Catalytic properties
• Alloy formation
• Formation of interstitial compounds
• Formation of complexes

• Limitations of Werner’s theory

• Coordination entity
• Central atom/ion
• Ligands

• Stereoisomers
• Structural isomers (Constitutional isomers)
• Optical Isomerism

• Valence Bond Theory
• Crystal Field Theory

1. Crystal field splitting in octahedral complexes
2. Crystal field splitting in tetrahedral complexes
3. Crystal filed splitting Energy and nature of ligands
4. Colour of the complex and crystal field splitting energy

• Stepwise formation constants and overall formation constants

• Classification of solids
• Crystalline solids
• Amorphous solids
• Differences between crystalline and amorphous solids
• Isomorphous solids and polymorphous solids

• Classification of crystalline solids

1. Molecular solids:
   a) Polar molecular solids
   b) Non-polar molecular solids
   c) Hydrogen-bonded molecular solids
2. Ionic Solids
3. Metallic solids
4. Covalent or Network Solids

• Structure and properties of diamond, graphite, and fullerene

• Unit cell
• Crystal lattice or space lattice
• Two-dimensional lattice and unit cell
• Three-dimensional lattice and unit cell

• Primitive (or) simple cubic unit cell (SC)
• Body centered cubic unit cell (BCC)
• Face centered cubic unit cell (FCC)
• Calculations involving unit cell dimensions
• Calculation of density

• Linear arrangement of spheres in one direction
• Two dimensional close packing
• Simple cubic arrangement
• Body centered cubic arrangement
• The hexagonal and face centered cubic arrangement

• Schottky defect
• Frenkel defect
• Metal excess defect
• Metal deficiency defect
• Impurity defect

• Differences between order and molecularity

• Integrated rate law for first order reactions
• Units of rate constant for the first order reaction
• Graphical representation of first order reaction
• Examples of first order reactions
• Various forms of the integrated rate law for the first order reactions

• Integrated rate law for zero order reactions
• Units of rate constant of zero order reactions
• Graphical representation of zero order reaction
• Examples of zero order reactions

• Half life of the first order reactions (`t _(1/2)`)
• Half life and rate constant of the first order reaction
• Graphical representation of Half life period of first order reaction
• Half life of zero order reactions

• Nature and state of the reactant
• Concentration of the reactants
• Effect of surface area of the reactant
• Effect of presence of catalyst

• Arrhenius theory of acids and bases
• Bronsted - Lowry theory 
• Lewis theory

• pH of a solution
• pH scale
• Relationship between pH and pOH
• Approximate pH values of some substances
• Acidity, basicity, and neutrality of aqueous solutions
• pK value
• Measurement of pH of a solution
• Indicators
• Titration curves

• Ostwald’s dilution law

Common ion effect and solubility

• Types of buffer solutions
• Buffer action
• Buffer capacity and buffer index
• Henderson - Hasselbalch equation
• Properties of buffer solution
• Applications of buffer solution

1. In biochemical system
2. Agriculture
3. Industry
4. Medicine
5. Analytical chemistry

• Molar conductivity (Λ_m)
• Equivalent conductance (Λ)
• Factors affecting electrolytic conductance
• Measurement of conductivity of ionic solutions 

• Debye - Huckel and Onsager equation
• Kohlraush's law

• Electrochemical reactions
• Electrodes
• Types of electrochemical cells

1. Galvanic cell
2. Electrolytic cells

• Nernst equation
• Electrolytic cell and electrolysis
• Cell reactions
• Faraday’s Laws of electrolysis
• Electrochemical equivalent and molar mass
• Batteries

1. Leclanche cell
2. Mercury button cell
3. Secondary batteries
4. Recharge of the cell
5. The lithium-ion Battery
6. Fuel cell

• Corrosion

1. Electrochemical mechanism of corrosion

• Electrochemical series

• Characteristics of adsorption
• Types of adsorption
• Factors affecting adsorption

1. Surface area of adsorbent
2. Nature of adsorbate
3. Pressure
4. Concentration at a given temperature

• Adsorption isotherms and isobars

• Catalyst
• Catalysis and Theories of Catalysis
• Homogeneous Catalysis
• Heterogeneous Catalysis
• Inhibitors

• Classifications of Colloidal solution
• Preparation of Colloids
• Purification of colloids
• Properties of Colloids

• Emulsion
• Types of emulsions
  1) Oil-in-water emulsion (O/W type)
  2) Water-in-oil emulsion (W/O type)
• Properties of emulsions
• Deemulsification

• Classification of alcohols

• On the basis of number of -OH groups

1. Monohydric alcohol
2. Dihydric alcohol
3. Trihydric alcohol
4. Polyhydric alcohol

• On the basis of nature of C-OH bond

1. C_sp3 - OH bond: Alkyl, Allylic, Benzylic alcohols
2. C_sp2 - OH bond

• Electrophilic aromatic substitution
• Test to differentiate alcohol and phenols
• Structure of functional group
• IUPAC System

• Preparation of ethers

1. Inter molecular dehydration of alcohol
2. Williamson's synthesis

• Methylation of alcohol
• Physical Properties of ethers
• Chemical Properties of ethers
• Uses of ethers

• Preparation of aldehydes and ketones
• Preparation of aldehydes
• Preparation of benzaldehyde
• Preparation of ketones

• Laboratory tests for aldehydes and ketones
• Chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones with nucleophile
• Oxidation and reduction reactions of aldehydes and ketones
• Electrophilic substitution reactions

• Tollen's Reagent Test
• Fehling's solution Test
• Benedict's solution Test
• Schiff's reagent Test

• Acidic character of carboxylic acids
• Laboratory tests for carboxyl (-COOH) group
• Formation of acyl chloride
• Reaction with ammonia
• Formation of acid anhydride
• Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids
• Reduction of carboxylic acids

• Relative reactivity of Acid derivatives
• Nomenclature
• Acid Halides
• Acid anhydride
• Esters

• Formic acid
• Acetic acid
• Benzoic acid
• Acetyl Chloride
• Acetic anhydride
• Ethyl acetate

• Classification of nitrocompounds
• Nomenclature of nitroalkanes
• ISOMERISM
• Acidic nature of nitro alkanes
• Preparation of nitroalkanes
• Preparation of Nitroarenes
• Physical properties of nitro alkane 
• Chemical properties of nitroalkanes 

• Classification of amines

1. Aliphatic amines
2. Aromatic amines

• Introduction
• Resonance structure 
• Method of preparation of Diazonium salts
• Physical properties 
• Chemical reactions

1. Replacement reactions involving loss of nitrogen 
2. Reactions involving retention of diazo group

• Introduction 
• alkyl cyanides and alkyl isocyanides

1. Alkyl cyanides - Preparation, Properties, and reactions
2. Alkyl isocyanides: Preparation, Properties, and reactions

• Classification and functions of vitamins 

Chemical Coordination

1. Autocrine 
2. Paracrine 
3. Endocrine 
4. Pheromone 

• Classification of drugs
• Drug–target Interaction

• Important categories of food additives
• Preservatives
• Antioxidants
• Sugar Substituents
• Artificial sweetening agents

• Types of cleansing agents
  a) Soaps
  b) Synthetic detergents
• Mechanism of cleansing action
• Differences between soaps and detergents