Business Studies Commerce (English Medium) Class 11 CBSE Syllabus 2025-26

• Meaning and Features Business

• Meaning and Features of Business, Profession and Employment
• Difference of Business, Profession and Employment

• Activities on the Basis of Size

1. Small Scale
2. Large Scale

• Activities on the Basis of Ownership

1. Private Enterprises
2. Public Enterprises
3. Joint Enterprises

• Activities on the Basis of Function

1. Industry
2. Commerce

• The various geographical factors which affect the trade are as follows

1. Difference in natural resources
2. Climate
3. Population factors
4. Culture
5. Economic cost
6. Specialisation
7. Government policies

• On the basis of the quantity of goods
  1) Wholesale trade
  2) Retail trade
• On the basis of the extent of trade region
  1) Domestic trade (Internal trade)
  2) International trade
  3) Export and import

• Banking
• Insurance
• Transportation
• Warehousing
• Communication
• Advertising

• Meaning and Feature of Business Risk
  

• Meaning and Features of Sole Proprietorship Or Sole Trader
• Distinction between sole proprietorship

• Ownership by one man
• Freedom of work and Quick Decisions
• Unlimited Liability
• Enjoying Entire Profit
• Absence of Government Regulation
• No Separate Entity
• Maintenance of Secrecy

• Introduction
• Meaning
• Definition
• Features

• Active
• Sleeping
• Secret
• Nominal
• Partner by estoppel
• Minor Partner
• Partner by Holding out
• Partner in profit only

• Classification on the basis of duration
  (i) Partnership at will
  (ii) Particular partnership
• Classification on the basis of liability
  (i) General Partnership
  (ii) Limited Partnership

Meaning and Features of Partnership-deed

• Voluntary Membership
• Equal Rights
• Democracy
• Honesty
• Mutual Confidence
• Welfare Main Objective
• Cash Payment
• Economy
• Distribution of Profit
• Self Service

• Equality in voting status
• Limited liability
• Stable existence
• Economy in operations
• Support from government
• Ease of formation

• Limited resources
• Inefficiency in management
• Lack of secrecy
• Government control
• Differences of opinion

• Consumer’s cooperative societies
• Producer’s cooperative societies
• Marketing cooperative societies
• Farmer’s cooperative societies
• Credit cooperative societies
• Cooperative housing societies

• Introduction
• Meaning
• Definition
• Features
• Merits
• Demerits
• Types of Companies

• Classification of Companies on the Basis of Incorporation
• Classification of Companies on the basis of Membership
• Classification of Companies on the basis of Liability
• Classification of Companies on the Basis of Control
• Classification of Companies on the Basis of Nationality

• Meaning and Features of Company
• Types of Company - Public
• Types of Company - Private
• Merits of Company
• Limitations of Company

• Meaning and Features of Public Sector and Private Sector Enterprises

• Features, Merits, Limitations

• Features, Merits, Limitations.

• Features, Merits, Limitations.

• Meaning and Features of Global Enterprises

• Meaning and Features of Joint Ventures
• Advantages
• Limitations

• Contractual Joint Venture (CJV)
• Equity-based Joint Venture (EJV)

• Meaning and Features of Public private partnership

• Difference between Services and Goods

• Banking
• Insurance
• Transportation
• Warehousing
• Communication

• Savings
• Current
• Recurring
• Fixed Deposit
• Multiple option deposit account

Meaning of Insurance

Principles of Insurance : 

• utmost good faith
• insurable interest
• indemnity
• contribution
• doctrine of subrogation
• causa proxima
• mitigation of loss

• Life Insurance

• Importance of Life Insurance
• Types of Life Insurance Policies

• General insurance
• Non-Life Insurance

1. Fire Insurance
2. Marine Insurance
3. Health Insurance
4. Miscellaneous Insurance

• Meaning and Features of Health Insurance

• Meaning of Mail
• Meaning of Registered Post
• Meaning of Parcel
• Meaning of Speed Post
• Meaning of Courier

• Meaning of Cellular Mobile services
• Meaning of Radio Paging services
• Meaning of Fixed line services
• Meaning of Castle services
• Meaning of VSAT Services
• Meaning of DTH Services

• Types of Warehouses
• Functions of Warehousing

• Meaning of E-Business
• Nature of E-Business
• e-business versus e-commerce

• Various Types of E-business Transactions are:

1. Business to Business (B2B)
2. Business to Consumer (B2C)
3. Intra-B Commerce
4. Consumer to Consumer (C2C)
5. Consumer to Business (C2B)
6. Business to Administration (B2A)
7. Consumer to Administration (C2A)

• ATM speeds up Withdrawal of Money
• e-commerce makes flexible Manufacturing and Mass Customisation possible

1. Ease of formation
2. Lower Investment requirements
3. Convenience
4. Speed
5. Global access
6. Movement towards a paperless society
7. Government support
8. Easy payment

1. e-Procurement
2. e-Bidding/e-Auction
3. e-Communication/e-Promotion
4. e-Delivery
5. e-Trading

1. Lack of personal touch
2. Incongruence between order taking/giving and order fulfilment speed
3. Need for technology capability and competence of parties to e-business
4. Delivery Time
5. Security issues
6. Government interference
7. High Risk
8. People resistance
9. Ethical fallouts

• Despite limitations, e-commerce is the way

• Introduction
• Meaning
• Procedure of Online Transaction
• Buying Selling Process
• Information Technology Act 2000 paves way for Paperless Society

1. Transaction risks
2. Data storage and transmission risks
3. Risks of threat to intellectual property and privacy

• Meaning of Outsourcing
• Parties involved - the Outsourcer, the outsourced and the Service Provider
• Features of Outsourcing

1. Confidentiality
2. Sweat-shopping
3. Ethical concerns
4. Resentment in the home countries

• Meaning and Features of Business Process Outsourcing(BPO)

• Meaning and Features of Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)
• Introduction
• Meaning
• Definition
• Advantages and Disadvantages of KPO

• Introduction
• Definition
• Concept of Social Responsibility
• Need for Social responsibility

• Concept of Trusteeship
• Changing expectations of society
• Reputation
• Protection of Environment
• Optimum Utilisation of Resources
• Pressure of trade Union
• Growth of Consumer Movement
• Government Control
• Long term self-interest
• Complexities of Social Problems
• Globalisation
• Role of Media

• Self-Interest
• Creation of Society
• Social Power
• Image in the Society
• Public Awareness
• Free Enterprise
• Law and Order
• Moral Justification
• Socio-Cultural Norms
• Professionalism
• Trusteeship

• Need for social responsibility

1. Arguments for Social Responsibility
2. Arguments against Social Responsibility
3. The reality of Social Responsibility

• Economic Responsibility
• Legal Responsibility
• Ethical Responsibility
• Discretionary Responsibility

• Responsibility towards Owners
• Responsibility towards Investors
• Responsibility towards Employees
• Responsibility towards Suppliers
• Responsibility towards Customers

1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Land pollution
4. Noise pollution

1. Reduction of health hazards
2. Reduced risk of liability
3. Cost savings
4. Improved public image
5. Other social benefits

• Introduction
• Meaning
• Definition
• Features of Business Ethics

• Code of conduct
• Based on moral and social values
• Gives protection to social groups
• Provides basic framework
• Voluntary
• Requires education and guidance
• Relative term
• New concept

• Moral and social values

• Identification of business opportunity
• Feasibility studies
  1. Technical feasibility
  2. Financial feasibility
  3. Economic feasibility
• Name approval
• Fixing up Signatories to the Memorandum of Association
• Appointment of professionals
• Preparation of necessary documents

• Memorandum of Association
  1. The name clause
  2. Registered office clause
  3. Objects clause
  4. Liability clause
  5. Capital clause 
• Articles of Association
• Consent of Proposed Directors
• Agreement
• Statutory Declaration
• Receipt of Payment of fee

• Nature and Significance of Business Finance

1. Period Basis
2. Ownership Basis
3. Source of Generation Basis

• Meaning of retained earnings
• Merits and Limitations of Retained Earnings
• Determinants of retained earnings

1. Total earnings of a company
2. Taxation Policy
3. Dividend Policy
4. Government Control

• Introduction
• Meaning and Definition
• Factoring Process
• Features of Factoring
• Types of factoring
• Factoring vs Forfaiting

1. Equity shares
2. Preference Shares

• Meaning of Commercial Banks
• Functions of Commercial Banks

1. Primary Functions
2. Secondary Functions
3. Other Functions

• Mechanism / Technique of Credit Creation by Commercial Banks

• Primary / Passive Deposit and Derived / Active Deposit

•  Role of Commercial Banks in the Economic Development of a Country

1. Capital Formation
2. Creation of Credit
3.  Channelizing the Funds towards Productive Investment
4. Encouraging Right Type of Industries
5. Banks Monetize Debt
6. Finance to Government
7. Employment Generation
8. Banks Promote Entrepreneurship

1. Commercial Banks
2. International Agencies and Development Banks
3. International Capital Markets
   a) Global Depository Receipts (GDRs)
   b) American Depository Receipts (ADRs)
   c) Indian Depository Receipts (IDRs)
   d) Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs)

1. Cost
2. Financial strength and stability of operations
3. Form of organisation and legal status
4. Purpose and time period
5. Risk profile
6. Control
7. Effect on credit worthiness
8. Flexibility and ease
9.  Tax benefits

• Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development Act

• National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC)
• District Industrial Centre (DIC)

with special reference to rural, backward areas

• Romi Bags of Manipur
• The Diversity of the Indian MSME Sector

• Definition
• Manufacturing Enterprises
• Service Enterprises

• Employment Potential 
• Low Production Cost 
• Low Investment 
• Quick Decision Making
• Supplementary Role 
• Establishment of Socialistic Pattern of Society
• Balanced Regional Development 
• Promotion of Self Employment and Self Reliance Spirit 
• Higher Contribution to Manufacturing and Export 

• Finance
• Raw materials
• Managerial skills
• Marketing
• Quality
• Capacity utilisation
• Global competition

• Systematic Activity
• Lawful and Purposeful Activity
• Innovation
• Organisation of Production
•  Risk-taking

• Patents
• Biosafety and Bioethics

• Copyright
• Trademark
• Geographical Indication
• Patent
  1. What cannot be patented?
• Design
• Plant Variety
• Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design

• Facilitating large scale production
• Bearing risk
• Financial assistance
• Expert advice
• Help in marketing function
• Facilitate production continuity
• Storage

• Availability of goods
• Marketing support
• Grant of credit
• Specialised knowledge
• Risk sharing

• Help in distribution of goods
• Personal selling
• Enabling large-scale operations
• Collecting market information
• Help in promotion

• Regular availability of products
• New products information
• Convenience in buying
• Wide selection
• After-sales services
• Provide credit facilities

• Types of itinerant retailers
  1. Peddlers and hawkers
  2. Market traders
  3. Street traders (pavement vendors)

• General stores
• Speciality shops
• Street stall holders
• Second-hand goods shop

• Departmental stores
• Chain Stores or Multiple Shops

• Attract large number of customers
• Convenience in buying
• Attractive services
• Economy of large-scale operations
• Promotion of sales

• Lack of personal attention
• High operating cost
• High possibility of loss
• Inconvenient location

•  Departmental stores Concept
• Chain stores Concept
• Mail order Business Concept

• Economies of scale
• Elimination of middlemen
• No bad debts
• Transfer of goods
• Diffusion of risk
• Low cost
• Flexibility

• Limited selection of goods
• Lack of initiative
• Lack of personal touch
• Difficult to change demand

• Location
• Range of products
• Services offered
• Pricing
• Class of customers
• Credit facilities
• Flexibility

• performa invoice
• invoice
• debit note
• credit note
• lorry receipt(LR)
• Railways receipt(RR)

• Limited capital requirement
• Elimination of middle men
• Absence of bad debt
• Wide reach
• Convenience

• Lack of personal contact
• High promotion cost
• No after sales service
• No credit facilities
• Delayed delivery
• Possibility of abuse
• High dependence on postal services

• Ease information
• Limited liability
• Democratic management
• Lower prices
• Cash sales
• Convenient location

• Lack of initiative
• Shortage of fund
• Lack of patronage
• Lack of business training

• One roof, low cost
• Central location
• Wide selection
• No bad debts
• Benefits of being large scale

• No credit
• No personal attention
• Mishandling of goods
• High overhead expenses
• Huge cap ital requirement

• Some Facts about GST
• How will GST Benefit and Empower Citizens
• Key Features of GST
• GST Council – Constitution

• Interstate movement of goods
• Octroi and other local levies
• Harmonisation of sales tax structure and Value Added Tax
• Marketing of agro products and related issues
• Weights and Measures and prevention of duplication brands
• Excise duty
• Promoting sound infrastructure
• Labour legislation

• Nationality of buyers and sellers
• Nationality of other stakeholders
• Mobility of factors of production
• Customer heterogeneity across markets
• Differences in business systems and practices
• Political system and risks
• Business regulations and policies
• Currency used in business transactions

• Merchandise exports and imports
• Service exports and imports
• Licensing and franchising
• Foreign investments

• Export Trade
• Import Trade
• Entrepot Trade

• Export and Import Bank (EXIM Bank)

• Main Functions of EXIM Bank 

• Role of Commercial Bank in International Business

• Pre-Shipment Financial Assistance
• Post-Shipment Financial Assistance

• Objectives of Export Trade
• Export Trade Procedure

1. Receiving Trade Enquiry
2. Receiving Indent and Sending Confirmation
3. Arranging Letter of Credit
4. Obtaining Importer Exporter Code (IEC) and RBI code Number
5. Obtaining Registration cum Membership Certificate (RCMC) from Export Promotion Council /Commodity Board
6. Manufacturing /Procuring Goods and Packing items
7. Export Inspection Certificate
8. Insurance of Goods
9. Certificate of Origin
10. Consular Invoice
11. Engagement of Forwarding Agent
12. Dispatch of Goods to Port and Sending the Receipt to Agent
13. Fulfilment of Customs Formalities by Forwarding Agent
14. Customs Clearance
15. Preparation of Commercial Invoice and Submitting Documents to Bank
16. Securing Payment

• Intermediaries in Export Trade

1. Forwarding Agent
2. Commission Agents
3. Export Trading House

• Receipt of enquiry and sending quotations
• Receipt of order or indent
• Assessing the importer’s creditworthiness and securing a guarantee for payments
• Obtaining export licence
• Obtaining pre-shipment finance
• Production or procurement of goods
• Pre-shipment inspection
• Excise clearance
• Obtaining certificate of origin
• Reservation of shipping space
• Packing and forwarding
• Insurance of goods
• Customs clearance
• Obtaining mates receipt
• Payment of freight and issuance of bill of lading
• Preparation of invoice
• Securing payment

• Trade enquiry
• Procurement of import licence
• Obtaining foreign exchange
• Placing order or indent
• Obtaining letter of credit
• Arranging for finance
• Receipt of shipment advice
• Retirement of import documents
• Arrival of goods
• Customs clearance and release of goods
• Major Documents used in an Import Transaction

• Objectives of WTO
• Functions of WTO
• Achievements of WTO
• WTO and India

• Advantages
• Limitations

• Advantages
• Limitations

• Meaning and Features of Joint Ventures
• Advantages
• Limitations

• Advantages
• Limitations

• Duty drawback scheme
• Export manufacturing under bond scheme
• Exemption from payment of sales taxes
• Advance licence scheme
• Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme (EPCG)
• Scheme of recognising export firms as export house, trading house and superstar trading house
• Export of Services
• Export finance
• Export Processing Zones (EPZs)
• 100 per cent Export Oriented Units (100 per cent EOUs)

• Department of Commerce
• Export Promotion Councils (EPCs)
• Commodity Boards
• Export Inspection Council (EIC)
• Indian Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO)
• Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT)
• Indian Institute of Packaging (IIP)
• State Trading Organisations
•  

• Objectives of IBRD
• Functions Of IBRD

• • Objectives of IMF 
  • Functions of IMF
  • Facilities offered by IMF
  • Achievements of IMF
  • IMF AND INDIA
  • Free Convertibility of Indian Rupee
  1. Loan For Development Activities
  2. Ability To Purchase Foreign Currency
  3. Expert Advice
  4. Timely Help
  5. Financial Assistance during Natural Calamity
  6. Membership in World Bank
  7. Help During 1991 Economic Crisis