Topics
The State
Section I : Political Concepts
Section II : Comparative Government and Politics
Liberty and Rights
Section III : Public Administration
Equality and Justice
- Equality
- History of Equality
- Importance of Equality
- Facets of Equality
- Types of Equality
- Equality in the Context of India
- Justice
- Types of Justice
- Indian Concept of Justice
Constitutional Government
Section IV : International Relations
Concept of Representation
- Representation
- Methods of Representation
- Classification of Electoral Systems
- Right to Vote
- Channels and Levels of Representation
- Classification of Political Parties
- Origin of Political Parties
- Interest and Pressure Groups
- Non Governmental Organisations (NGO)
Role of the Judiciary
- Judicial Independence
- Judicial System in India
- The Judiciary and Its Functions
- Judicial Activism
- Judicial Review
Public Administration
- Public Administration
- Scope of Public Administration: Narrow and Broad
- Evolution of Public Administration
- Public Policy
- Administrative System in India
- How Does the Administration Function?
Development Administration
- Development Administration
- Features of Development Administration
- Development Administration in India
- NITI Aayog
- Development Programmes
The World since 1945 - I
- The World since 1945
- Effects of the Second World War
- Cold War
- Phases of Cold War
- Series of Military Alliances Made in Asia
The World since 1945 - II
- Phase 1959 to 1962 (Shifts in the Cold War)
- Phase 1962 to 1972 (Foundations of Détente)
- Phase 1972 to 1979 (Détente)
- Phase 1979 to 1985/86 (New Cold War)
- Phase 1985 to 1991 (The Gorbachev Era)
- Natural Equality
- Civil Equality
- Political Equality
- Economic Equality
- Social Equality
Notes
Types of Equality:
-
Natural Equality:
Natural equality considers all human beings equal. Natural equality does not mean nature has created all men equal in their abilities and qualities. But, it means that, individual should not be discriminated on the basis of their natural abilities and each one should get an opportunity for development of their individual personality.
-
Civil Equality:
Civil Rights are equally available to all people. There will be equality before law. People will not be discriminated on the basis of race, colour, caste, religion, gender, etc. It also means equal punishment for the same crime and equal protection of law.
-
Political Equality:
Every citizen has an equal right to participate in the affairs of the State. This type of equality is possible only in a democracy. For Eg: Voting and contesting in elections.
-
Economic Equality:
Economic equality is the foundation of political equality. Economic inequality results into division of society. Economic equality means providing equal opportunity to all for one’s development; absence of economic exploitation; prevention of concentration of wealth and availability of essential goods and services to everyone.
Economic equality doesn’t imply-
- Equal distribution of wealth
- Equal income irrespective of nature of work
- Absolute equality in economic power
Economic equality implies-
- No concentration of wealth and income.
- No economic exploitation.
- Reduction of wide disparity of income.
- Reasonable opportunities to develop and progress.
-
Social Equality:
Social equality means there would be no distinction between people on the basis on caste, religion, race, occupation, gender, etc. It is expected that every section of the society contributes to the wellbeing of the society. We have to accept the dignity of labour in society. For Eg, Article 17. Abolition of Untouchability. -"Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
