Topics
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
- Introduction to the Rise of Nationalism in Europe
- The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
- The Making of Nationalism in Europe
- Introduction to the Making of Nationalism in Europe
- The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
- What Did Liberal Nationalism Stand For?
- A New Conservatism After 1815
- The Revolutionaries
- The Age of Revolutions: 1830 - 1848
- Introduction to the Age of Revolutions: 1830 - 1848
- The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
- Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
- 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals
- The Making of Germany and Italy
- Germany - Can the Army Be the Architect of a Nation?
- Italy Unified
- The Strange Case of Britain
- Visualising the Nation
- Nationalism and Imperialism
Power-sharing
- Belgium and Sri Lanka
- Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
- Accommodation in Belgium
- Forms of Power-sharing
India and the Contemporary World 2
Resources and Development
- Types - Natural and Human
- Need for Resource Planning
- Natural Resources
- Concept of Land as a Resource
- Types of Soil
- Changing Land-use Pattern
- Land Degradation and Conservation Measures
- Soil Erosion
- Soil Conservation
Resources and Development
- Introduction to Resources and Development
- Types of Resources
- Development of Resources
- Resource Planning
- Land Resources
- Land Utilisation
- Land Use Pattern in India
- Land Degradation and Conservation Measures
- Soil as a Resource
Development
- Concept for Traditional Notion of Development
- Concept for National Income and Percapita Income
- Concept of Growth of National Income
- Critical Appraisal of Existing Development Indicators (PCI, IMR, SR and Other Income and Health Indicators)
- Need for Health and Educational Development
- Human Development Indicators (Holistic Measure of Development)
India and the Contemporary World 2
Power Sharing
- Concept for Power Shared in Democracies
- Concept for Federal Division of Power in India Helped National Unity
- Concept for Decentralisation - to What Extent Has Decentralisation Achieved this Objective
- Democracy Accommodate Different Social Groups
Development
- What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals
- Income and Other Goals
- National Development
- Comparison Between Different Countries Or States
- Income and Other Criteria
- Public Facilities
- Sustainability of Development
Federalism
- Concept of Federalism
- India a Federal Country
- How is Federalism Practised?
- Decentralisation in India
Nationalism in India
- Introduction to Nationalism in India
- The First World War, Khilafat and Non-cooperation
- The Idea of Satyagraha
- The Rowlatt Act
- Why Non-cooperation?
- Differing Strands Within the Movement
- The Movement in the Towns
- Rebellion in the Countryside
- Swaraj in the Plantations
- Towards Civil Disobedience
- The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
- How Participants Saw the Civil Disobedience Movement
- The Limits of Civil Disobedience
- The Sense of Collective Belonging
Sectors of the Indian Economy
- Sectors of Economic Activities
- Comparing the Three Sectors
- Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in India
- Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised
- Sectors in Terms of Ownership - Public and Private Sectors
Forest and Wildlife Resources
- Concept of Forest and Wildlife Resources
- Flora and Fauna in India
- Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India
Forest and Wildlife Resources
- Flora and Fauna in India
- Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India
- Types and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources
- Community and Conservation
Federalism
- Concept of Federalism
- What Makes India a Federal Country?
- How is Federalism Practised?
- Decentralisation in India
Contemporary India 2
Sectors of the Indian Economy
- Sectors of Economic Activities
- Historical Change in Economic Sectors
- Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in India
- Concept for Employment Generation
- Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised
- Protective Measures for Unorganised Sector Workers
Contemporary India 2
The Making of a Global World
- Concept of the Pre-modern World
- The Nineteenth Century (1815 - 1914)
- A World Economy Takes Shape
- Role of Technology
- Late Nineteenth-century Colonialism
- Rinderpest, Or the Cattle Plague
- Indentured Labour Migration from India
- Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
- Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System
- The Inter-war Economy
- Wartime Transformations
- Post-war Recovery
- Rise of Mass Production and Consumption
- The Great Depression
- India and the Great Depression
- Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era
- Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions
- The Early Post-war Years
- Decolonisation and Independence
- End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of ‘Globalisation’
Water Resources
- Water Scarcity and the Need for Water Conservation and Management
- Multi-purpose River Projects and Integrated Water Resources Management
- Rainwater Harvesting
Democratic Politics 2
Democratic Politics 2
Water Resources
- Sources of Water Resources
- Distribution of Water Resources
- Utilisation of Water Resources
- Multi-purpose Projects of Water
- Scarcity of Water
- Need for Conservation and Management of Water
- Fresh Water Management
Democracy and Diversity
- A Story from Mexico Olympics
- Differences, Similarities, Divisions
- Politics of Social Divisions
Money and Credit
- Role of Money in an Economy
- Formal and Informal Financial Institutions for Savings and Credit
- Formal Institution - Nationalized Commercial Bank
- Informal Institutions - Local Money Lenders, Landlords, Self Help Groups, Chit Funds and Private Finance Companies
Democracy and Diversity
- Divisions Inherent to the Working of Democracy
- Effect of Caste on Politics and of Politics on Caste
- Gender Division Shaped Politics
- Communal Divisions Affect Democracy
Money and Credit
- Money as a Medium of Exchange
- Modern Forms of Money
- Loan Activities of Banks
- Two Different Credit Situations
- Terms of Credit
- Formal Sector Credit in India
- Self-help Groups for the Poor
Agriculture
- Types of Farming
- Concept for Major Crops
- Concept for Crop Pattern
- Technological and Institutional Reforms for Agriculture
- Contribution of Agriculture to National Economy-employment and Output
Globalisation and the Indian Economy
- Introduction to Globalisation and the Indian Economy
- Production Across Countries
- Interlinking Production Across Countries
- Foreign Trade and Integration of Markets
- Globalisation
- Factors that Have Enabled Globalisation
- World Trade Organisation (WTO)
- Impact of Globalisation in India
- The Struggle for a Fair Globalisation
The Age of Industrialisation
- Introduction to the Age of Industrialisation
- Before the Industrial Revolution
- Hand Labour and Steam Power
- Concept of Hand Labour and Steam Power
- Life of the Workers
- Industrialisation in the Colonies
- The Age of Indian Textiles
- What Happened to Weavers?
- Manchester Comes to India
- Factories Come up
- The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
- Market for Goods
Gender, Religion and Caste
- Gender and Politics
- Religion, Communalism and Politics
- Caste and Politics
- Religious Diversity
- Inequalities in a Triangle
Gender, Religion and Caste
- Gender and Politics
- Women’s Political Representation
- Religion, Communalism and Politics
- Caste and Politics
Understanding Economic Development
Agriculture
- Types of Farming
- Cropping Pattern
- Technological and Institutional Reforms for Agriculture
- Contribution of Agriculture to National Economy-employment and Output
- Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture
Globalisation and the Indian Economy
- Production Across Countries
- Foreign Trade and Integration of Markets
- Concept of Globalization and Factors
- World Trade Organisation (WTO)
- Impact and Fair Globalization
Understanding Economic Development
Popular Struggles and Movements
- Concept of Popular Struggles and Movements
- Mobilisation and Organisations
- Pressure Groups and Movements
Consumer Rights
- Consumer is Exploitation
- Factors Causing Exploitation of Consumers
- Rise of Consumer Awareness
- How a Consumer Should Be in a Market
- Role of Government in Consumer Protection
Minerals and Energy Resources
- What is a Mineral?
- Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
- Conservation of Minerals
- Hazards of Mining
- Energy Resources
- Conservation of Energy Resources
Print Culture and the Modern World
- Introduction to Print Culture and the Modern World
- The First Printed Books
- Print Comes to Europe
- Print Comes to Europe - Introduction
- Gutenberg and the Printing Press
- The Print Revolution and Its Impact
- A New Reading Public
- Religious Debates and the Fear of Print
- Print and Dissent
- The Reading Mania
- The Nineteenth Century
- India and the World of Print
- Religious Reform and Public Debates
- New Forms of Publication
- Introduction to New Forms of Publication
- Women and Print
- Print and the Poor People
- Print and Censorship
Data Filling
- Data Filling
Popular Struggles and Movements
- Popular Struggles in Nepal and Bolivia
- Movement for Democracy in Nepal
- Bolivia’s Water War
- Democracy and Popular Struggles
- Mobilisation and Organisations
- Pressure Groups and Movements
Consumer Rights
- Concept of Consumer Rights
- The Consumer in the Marketplace
- Consumer Movement
- Consumer Rights - Safety is Everyone’s Right
- Taking the Consumer Movement Forward
Minerals and Energy Resources
- Classification of Minerals
- Distribution of Minerals and Energy Resources
- Use and Economic Importance of Minerals
- Conservation of Minerals
- Types of Power Resources - Conventional Sources
- Types of Power Resources - Non-conventional Sources
- Distribution and Utilization and Conservation of Power Resources
- Conservation of Energy Resources
Political Parties
- Role Do Political Parties Play in Competition and Contestation
- Major National and Regional Parties in India/ Types of Political Parties
Manufacturing Industries
- Types of Manufacturing Industries
- Concept of Spatial Distribution
- Contribution of Industry to National Economy
- Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
- Measures to Control Degradation
Political Parties
- Why Do We Need Political Parties?
- How Many Parties Should We Have?
- National Parties
- State Parties
- Challenges to Political Parties
- How Can Parties Be Reformed?
Manufacturing Industries
- Importance of Manufacturing
- Contribution of Industry to National Economy
- Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
- Control of Environmental Degradation
Life Lines of National Economy
- Importance of Means of Communication and Transportation
- Concept for Trade and Tourism
Outcomes of Democracy
- How Do We Assess Democracy’S Outcomes?
- Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate Government
- Economic Growth and Development
- Reduction of Inequality and Poverty
- Accommodation of Social Diversity
- Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens
Outcomes of Democracy
- Democracy Be Judged and Outcomes
- Concept for Outcomes Reasonably Expect of Democracies
- Democracy in India and Expectations
- Concep for Democracy Led to Development, Security and Dignity for the People
- Sustains Democracy in India
Lifelines of National Economy
- Introduction to Lifelines of National Economy
- Roadways Transport
- Railways Transport
- Pipelines
- Waterways Transport
- Airways Transport
- Communication and Mass Media
- International Trade
Challenges to Democracy
- Thinking About Challenges
- Different Contexts, Different Challenges
- Different Types of Challenges
- Political Reforms
- Redefining Democracy
Challenges to Democracy
- Idea of Democracy Shrinking
- Major Challenges to Democracy in India
- Concept for Democracy Be Reformed and Deepened
- Concept for Role Ordinary Citizen Play in Deepening Democracy
Livelihoods, Economies and Societies
- Concept of the Pre-modern World
- Nineteenth Century Global Economy, Colonialism
- The Inter-war Economy
- A World Economy Takes Shape
- Proto-industrialization and Pace of Industrial Change
- Life of Workers
- Industrialization in the Colonies
- Early Entrepreneurs and Workers
- The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
- Market for Goods
- Development of Modern Cities Due to Industrialization in London and Bombay
- Housing and Land Reclamation
- Social Changes in the Cities
- Cities and the Challenge of the Environment
Events and Processes
- Growth of Nationalism in Europe After the 1830s.
- Ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini
- Characteristics of the Movements in Poland, Hungary,Italy, Germany and Greece
- Factors Leading to Growth of Nationalism in Indo-china
- French Colonialism in Indo-china
- Phases of Struggle Against the French
- The Ideas of Phan Chu Trinh
- The Ideas Phan Boi Chau, Ho Chi Minh
- Second World War and the Liberation Struggle.
- America and the Vietnam War
- Impact of First World War, Khilafat, Non- Cooperation
- Differing Strands Within the Movement
- The Limits of Civil Disobedience
- The Sense of Collective Belonging
- Salt Satyagraha
- Movements of Peasants, Workers, Tribals.
Everyday Life, Culture and Politics
- History of Print in Europe.
- The Nineteenth Century
- Relationship Between Print Culture, Public Debate and Politics
- Emergence of the Novel as a Genre in the West
- Relationship Between the Novel and Changes in Modern Society
- Early Novels in Nineteenth Century India
- Study of Two Or Three Major Writers
Types of Soil:
Soil is made up of particles of different sizes, and the texture of the soil depends on the size of these particles. Based on its texture, soil is divided into three main types: sandy soil, silt soil, and clay soil.
| Type of Soil | Water Holding Capacity | Ploughability | Fertility | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sandy Soil: Large particles (sand), water drains quickly. | Low | Easy | Low | Desert soil |
| Silt Soil (sedimentary soil)- medium-sized particles, more organic material, better for growing plants. | Moderate | Moderate | High | Soil near riverbanks |
| Clay Soil: small, smooth particles, good at retaining water and nutrients. | High | Difficult | High | Soil in low-lying areas |
Types of soil
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