Topics
Diversity of Living Organisms
The Living World
- What is ‘Living’?
- Diversity in the Living World
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Three Domains of Life
- Taxonomical Aids
Biological Classification
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Morphology and Modifications of Root, Stem, Leaf
- Types of Root
- Modifications of Roots for Storage, Respiration (Pneumatophores) and Support (Stilt and Prop)
- Stems
- Shoot System
- Leaves
- Types of Leaves (Simple and Compound – Pinnate and Palmate)
- Phyllotaxy – Alternate, Opposite, Whorled (With an Example of Each)
- Modifications for Mechanical Support, Protection, Storage, Reproduction; Insectivorous Plant (Pitcher Plant, Venus-fly-trap
- Morphology of Flower, Fruit and Seed
- Types of Inflorescence (Racemose and Cymose)
- Structure of a Typical Flower
- Fruits to Be Classified into True and False, Structure of a Typical Fruit (Mango and Coconut)
- Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed
- Non-Albuminous and Albuminous, Perisperm
- Description of Families – Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Epidermal Tissue System
- Internal Structure of Root, Stem, and Leaf
- Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem and Dicot Root (With the Help of Outline Diagrams)
- Formation of Annual Rings
- Activity of the Cambium and Cork Cambium
- Formation of Secondary Tissues
- Differences Between Heart Wood and Sap Wood
- Early Wood and Late Wood
- Definition of Bark
Structural Organisation in Animals
- Introduction of Structural Organisation in Animals
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Neural Tissue
- Morphology of Cockroach
- Location, Structure and Functions of Epithelial Tissues with Examples
- Types of Junctions
- Location and General Structure of Areolar Tissue
- Difference Between Bone and Cartilage
- T.S. of Hyaline Cartilage and Bone
- Different Types of Muscles and Their Functions
- Anatomy of Cockroach
Cell: Structure and Function
Cell - The Unit of Life
- Cell Theory
- Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Structure and Functions of Cell Envelope, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Cell Organelles
- Endomembrane System
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Plastids
- Microbodies
- Cytoskeleton
- Cilia and Flagella
- Centrosome and Centrioles
- Nucleus
Biomolecules
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Plant Physiology
Transport in Plants
- Introduction of Transport in Plants
- Movement of Water, Gases and Nutrients
- Cell to Cell Transport
- Simple Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Osmosi
- Water Potential (ψ)
- Turgidity and Flaccidity (Plasmolysis)
- Introduction of Long Distance Transport of Water
- Uptake of Mineral Ions
- Structure of Stomatal Apparatus
- Concept of Plant-water Relations
- Diffusion of Gases
- Transport in Plants (Numericals)
Mineral Nutrition
- Plant Mineral Nutrition
- Elementary Idea of Hydroponics
- Criteria for Essentiality
- Macro and Micro Nutrients and Their Role
- Nitrogen Metabolism
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Nitrogen to Ammonia Conversion and Nitrogenase
- Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements
- Toxicity of Micronutrients
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Early Experiments on Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis Reaction
- Electron Transport - Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
- Pigments Are Involved in Photosynthesis
- Photochemical and Biosynthetic Phases of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis as a Mean of Autotrophic Nutrition
- Site of Photosynthesis
- Photorespiration
- Light-independent Reactions
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Respiration in Plants
- Respiration in Plant
- Phases of Respiration: Glycolysis
- Exchange of Gases - in Plants
- Oxidation of Pyruvate
- Types of Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- Phases of Respiration: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle Or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Energy Relations - Number of ATP Molecules Generated
- Phases of Respiration: Fermentation
- Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.)
- Amphibolic Pathways
Plant Growth and Development
- Introduction of Plant Growth and Development
- Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate
- Phases of Plant Growth
- Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation
- Characteristics of Growth Regulators
- Photoperiodism
- Formation of Seed and Fruit
- Conditions Necessary for Plant Growth
- Concept of Development
- Formation of Seed and Fruit
- Vernalisation
Human Physiology
Digestion and Absorption
- Alimentary Canal
- Role of Digestive Enzymes and Gastrointestinal Hormones
- Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats
- Calorific Values of Proteins
- Calorific Values of Carbohydrates
- Calorific Values of Fats
- Egestion of Food
- Nutritional and Digestive Tract Disorders
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Body Fluids and Circulation
- Introduction of Body Fluids and Circulation
- Function of Platelets - Clotting of Blood (Coagulation)
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Human Circulatory System
- Cardiac Cycle
- Types of Closed Circulation
- Electrocardiograph (ECG)
- Regulation of Cardiac Activity
- Disorders of Circulatory System
- Cardiac Output
Excretory Products and Their Elimination
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Human Excretory System
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- Osmoregulation
- Regulation of Kidney Function
- Accessory Excretory Organs
- Common Disorders of the Urinary System
- Dialysis and Artificial Kidney
Locomotion and Movement
Neural Control and Coordination
Chemical Co-ordination and Integration
- Introduction of Chemical Coordination and Integration
- Human Endocrine System
- The Hypothalamus
- Mechanism of Hormone Action
- Role of Hormones as Messengers and Regulators
- Hypo and Hyperactivity and Related Disorders
- Joints
- Types of Joints
Joints:
Joints are the places where two or more bones are connected. Joints help the bones move and allow our body to be flexible.
Types of joints:
| Type of Joint | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Hinge Joint |
Allows movement of bones in only one direction (like a door) |
Elbow and knee joints |
|
Moves at a 180° angle
|
||
| Ball and Socket Joint |
Allows bones to move in multiple directions (like a ball in a cup) |
Shoulder and hip joints |
|
Moves at a 360° angle
|
||
| Gliding Joint |
Bones can slide over each other |
Wrist and ankle joints |
|
It provides limited movement compared to other joints
|
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