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प्रश्न
Define manufacturing. List the characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing.
उत्तर
Manufacturing literally means “to make by hand’. However, now it includes goods ‘made by machines’. It is essentially a process that involves transforming raw materials into finished goods of higher value for sale in local or distant markets. Modern large scale manufacturing has the following characteristics: Specialization of Skills/Methods of Production: Under the ‘craft’ method factories produce only a few pieces which are made-to-order. So the costs are high. On the other hand, mass production involves the production of large quantities of standardized parts by each worker performing only one task repeatedly.
Mechanization: Mechanization refers to using gadgets that accomplish tasks. Automation (without the aid of human thinking during the manufacturing process) is the advanced stage of mechanization. Technological Innovation: Technological innovations through research and development strategy are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency, and combating pollution. Organisational Structure and Stratification: Modern manufacturing is characterized by:
- a complex machine technology
- extreme specialization and division of labour for producing more goods with less effort, and low costs
- vast capital
- large organisations
- executive bureaucracy.
