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प्रश्न
Discuss the factors affecting electron gain enthalpy and the trend in its variation in the periodic table.
उत्तर
Factors affecting electron gain enthalpy:
(i) Nuclear charge: The electron gain enthalpy become more negative as the nuclear charge increases. This is due to greater attraction for the incoming electron if nuclear charge is high.
(ii) Size of the atom: With the increase in size of the atom, the distance between the nucleus and the incoming electron increases and this results in lesser attraction. Consequently, the electron gain enthalpy become less negative with increase in size of the atom of the element.
(iii) Electronic configuration: The elements having stable electronic configurations of half filled and completely filled valence subshells show very small tendency to accept additional electron and thus electron gain enthalpies are less negative.
Variation of electron gain enthalpies in periodic table: Electron gain enthalpy, in general, becomes more negative from left to right in a period and becomes less negative as we go from top to bottom in a group.
(a) Variation down a group: On moving down a group, the size and nuclear charge increases. But the effect of increase in atomic size is much more pronounced than that of nuclear charge and thus the additional electron feels less attraction by the large atom. Consequently, electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative. This is clear from decrease of electron gain enthalpy in going from chlorine to bromine and to iodine.
(b) Variation along a period: On moving across a period, the size of the atom decreases and nuclear charge increases. Both these factors result in greater attraction for the incoming electron, therefore, electron gain enthalpy, in general, becomes more negative in a period from left to right. However, certain irregularities are observed in the general trend. These are mainly due to the stable electronic configurations of certain atoms.
Important Trends in Electron Gain Enthalpies: There are some important features of electron gain enthalpies of elements. These are:
(i) Halogens have the highest negative electron gain enthalpies.
(ii) Electron gain enthalpy values of noble gases are positive while those of Be, Mg, N and P are almost zero.
(iii) Electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is unexpectedly less negative than that of chlorine.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
What is the significance of the terms - ‘isolated gaseous atom’ and ‘ground state’ while defining the ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy?
Hint: Requirements for comparison purposes.
Which of the following pair of elements would have a more negative electron gain enthalpy?
F or Cl
Describe the theory associated with the radius of an atom as it loses an electron.
Which of the following pair of elements would have a more negative electron gain enthalpy?
O or F
The formation of the oxide ion, \[\ce{O2- (g)}\], from oxygen atom requires first an exothermic and then an endothermic step as shown below:
\[\ce{O (g) + e- -> O- (g) ; ∆H^Θ = - 14 kJ mol^{-1}}\]
\[\ce{O- (g) + e- -> O^{2-} (g) ; ∆H^Θ = + 780 kJ mol^{-1}}\]
Thus process of formation of \[\ce{O^{2-}}\] in gas phase is unfavourable even though \[\ce{O^{2-}}\] is isoelectronic with neon. It is due to the fact that,
Which of the following elements will gain one electron more readily in comparison to other elements of their group?
(i) \[\ce{S (g)}\]
(ii) \[\ce{Na (g)}\]
(iii) \[\ce{O (g)}\]
(iv) \[\ce{Cl (g)}\]
Which of the following statements are correct?
(i) Helium has the highest first ionisation enthalpy in the periodic table.
(ii) Chlorine has less negative electron gain enthalpy than fluorine.
(iii) Mercury and bromine are liquids at room temperature.
(iv) In any period, atomic radius of alkali metal is the highest.
Match the correct ionisation enthalpies and electron gain enthalpies of the following elements.
| Elements | ∆H1 | ∆H2 | ∆egH | |
| (i) Most reactive non-metal | A. | 419 | 3051 | – 48 |
| (ii) Most reactive metal | B. | 1681 | 3374 | – 328 |
| (iii) Least reactive element e | C. | 738 | 1451 | – 40 |
| (iv) Metal forming binary halide | D. | 2372 | 5251 | + 48 |
Assertion (A): Electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative as we go down a group.
Reason (R): Size of the atom increases on going down the group and the added electron would be farther from the nucleus.
The correct order of electron gain enthalpy (−ve value) is ______.
