Question

Discuss the functional theories of Religion as given by Malinowski and Radcliffe Brown.

Answer 1

Bronistaw Malinowski, a notable anthropologist, contributed to the functionalist perspective on religion, emphasising its role in meeting psychological and social demands in cultures. Here is a summary of Malinowski's functional theories of religion:

1. Psychological Functions: Malinowski claimed that religion can help fulfil emotional and existential demands during times of crisis and uncertainty.
2. Social Integration: Malinowski stressed the importance of religion in fostering social cohesion and solidarity among communities. He maintained that religious rituals and rites strengthen social relationships and develop a sense of belonging and collective identity.
3. Social Control: Malinowski's functionalist theory suggests that religion promotes social order and regulates behaviour within societies. He proposed that religious ideas and practices can influence moral and ethical behaviour.

A.R. Radcliffe-Brown also gave a distinctive perspective on the function of religion in society. His theory can be summarized as follows:

1. Social Solidarity and Cohesion: He believed that religious rituals and beliefs aid in uniting the society, creating a sense of community and shared identity.
2. Social Order and Stability: Religion helps sustain social order and stability by establishing moral rules and rituals that guide acceptable behaviour within a society.
3. Symbolism and Social Relations: He felt that religious rituals use symbols to communicate and reinforce community ideals, norms, and hierarchies.
4. Adaptation and Integration: Religion helps the individuals to adapt to their social environment and their integration within the society.

Hence, both Malinowski and Brown gave their respective view on the functional theories of religion.