Question

Explain any four theories of psychometric approach.

Answer 1

1. Uni or one-factor theory of intelligence: This theory came to be disputed when psychologists started analysing individual data collected using Binet’s test.
2. Two-factor theory of intelligence: In 1927, Charles Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence employing a statistical method called factor analysis. He showed that intelligence consisted of a general factor (g-factor) and specific factors (s-factors).
3. Theory of primary mental abilities: It states that intelligence consists of seven primary abilities, each relatively independent of the others. These primary abilities are:
   1. Verbal Comprehension (grasping meaning of words, concepts, and ideas),
   2. Numerical Abilities (speed and accuracy in numerical and computational skills),
   3. Spatial Relations (visualising patterns and forms),
   4. Perceptual Speed (speed in perceiving details),
   5. Word Fluency (using words fluently and flexibly),
   6. Memory (accuracy in recalling information), and
   7. Inductive reasoning (deriving general rules from presented facts).
4. Structure of intellect model: J.P. Guilford proposed the structure of intellect model, which classifies intellectual traits into three dimensions: operations, contents, and products. Operations are what the respondent does. These include cognition, memory recording, retention, divergent production, convergent production, and evaluation.
5. Hierarchical model: Arthur Jensen proposed a hierarchical model of intelligence consisting of abilities operating at two levels, called Level I and Level II. Level I is the associative learning in which output is more or less similar to the input (e.g., rote learning and memory). Level II, called cognitive competence, involves higher-order skills as they transform the input to produce an effective output.