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प्रश्न
Explain the concept of social learning, realistic competition and stereotyping, as factors causing prejudice.
उत्तर
Prejudice refers to negative evaluations of a group or of the members of a group without considering them as individuals.
The various causes of prejudice are as follows :
Social learning: Children are not born with prejudices. They leam them from their family, peers, media, and society around them. Socialization refers to the process by which children leam the conventional social norms of their surroundings. Prejudice can be learned inside or outside the home. It can take place through the standard social learning mechanisms.
For example, Children may simply initiate the prejudices of adults and friends, they may be positively reinforced by using derogatory ethnic humor; or simply learn to associate particular minority groups with poverty, crime, dirtiness, and other negative characteristics. For e.g.: While North Americans have historically tended to be more prejudiced against those who originally came from Africa, Asia, and Latin America, than against those who came from Western Europe.
Realistic competition: Prejudice also stems from the intergroup competition. This idea begins with the assumption that society is composed of groups that differ in power, economic resources, social status, and other desirable attributes.
Dominant groups are motivated to maintain their privileged positions and subordinate groups are motivated to reduce that inequality. The competition produces intergroup conflict and therefore prejudice.
Realistic group conflict theory views prejudice as an inevitable consequence of competition among groups for resources or power.
For example, Prejudice may stem from competition between blacks and Latinos for blue-collar jobs, or between whites and minorities for admission to selective colleges.
Stereotyping: Stereotypes are beliefs (the cognitive component) about the personal attributes shared by people in a particular group or social category. Nineteenth-century stereotypes of Native Americans described them as dirty, cruel and warlike savages. Twentieth-century stereotypes tend to depict them as silent, passive, drunken and lazy. Stereotypes form the basis of prejudice, which is the effective component of group antagonism. Thus prejudices are a result of stereotypes present in an individual.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
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| The Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, is a psychological phenomenon in which high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area. The hypothesis was that expectations can influence performance. Robert Rosenthal chose an elementary school in California for his study and having tested all the children’s IQ, the researchers selected a sample of children at random. He informed the teachers that these were children of high academic potential. Following the test, the teachers were given the names of the ‘intellectual bloomers,’ but no scores were disclosed. At the end of the school year, all the students retook the test. While the overall scores had risen, the so called ‘intellectual bloomers’ had improved the most because of the teachers' efforts and the attention they got from them. The evidence seemed to indicate that the teachers’ expectations had an impact on the student outcomes, especially in the younger students. A similar process works in the opposite direction in the case of low expectations. The idea of the Pygmalion effect can be applied in many situations. Our beliefs about others can lead us to treat them in such a way that they subsequently start behaving in accordance with our beliefs. |
Identify and explain the source of prejudice which leads students to perform poorly.
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
| The Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, is a psychological phenomenon in which high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area. The hypothesis was that expectations can influence performance. Robert Rosenthal chose an elementary school in California for his study and having tested all the children’s IQ, the researchers selected a sample of children at random. He informed the teachers that these were children of high academic potential. Following the test, the teachers were given the names of the ‘intellectual bloomers,’ but no scores were disclosed. At the end of the school year, all the students retook the test. While the overall scores had risen, the so called ‘intellectual bloomers’ had improved the most because of the teachers' efforts and the attention they got from them. The evidence seemed to indicate that the teachers’ expectations had an impact on the student outcomes, especially in the younger students. A similar process works in the opposite direction in the case of low expectations. The idea of the Pygmalion effect can be applied in many situations. Our beliefs about others can lead us to treat them in such a way that they subsequently start behaving in accordance with our beliefs. |
Identify and explain the source of prejudice which leads students to perform poorly.
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
| The Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, is a psychological phenomenon in which high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area. The hypothesis was that expectations can influence performance. Robert Rosenthal chose an elementary school in California for his study and having tested all the children’s IQ, the researchers selected a sample of children at random. He informed the teachers that these were children of high academic potential. Following the test, the teachers were given the names of the ‘intellectual bloomers,’ but no scores were disclosed. At the end of the school year, all the students retook the test. While the overall scores had risen, the so called ‘intellectual bloomers’ had improved the most because of the teachers' efforts and the attention they got from them. The evidence seemed to indicate that the teachers’ expectations had an impact on the student outcomes, especially in the younger students. A similar process works in the opposite direction in the case of low expectations. The idea of the Pygmalion effect can be applied in many situations. Our beliefs about others can lead us to treat them in such a way that they subsequently start behaving in accordance with our beliefs. |
Explain the cognitive and behavioural components of the teachers’ attitude towards the ‘intellectual bloomers’ in the Rosenthal study
