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प्रश्न
To what extent is our intelligence the result of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture)? Discuss.
उत्तर
Whether intelligence is evolved or it is developed due to the environment, is a question of debate.
Lot of studies have been done to determine the role of nature and nurture.
Here we will discuss the controversy with the help of various twin studies, adoption studies and environmental studies.
On the basis of twin studies co-relation results are as follows:-
- Identical twins reared together correlate 0.90
- Identical twins reported early in childhood and reared in different environments correlate 0.72
- Fraternal twins reared together correlate 0.60
- Siblings reared together correlate 0.50
- Siblings reared apart correlate 0.25
Adoption Studies before the Age of 6-7 Years :-
These studies of adopted children show that children’s intelligence is more similar to their biological parents.
These studies provide evidence that intelligence is determined because of nature.
Adoption Studies after the Age of 6-7 Years :-
According to these studies as children grew older tends to more closer to that of their adoptive parents.
Environmental Studies :-
Evidence for the influence of environment (Nurture) on the basis of Twin studies.
- The intelligence score of twins reared apart as they grew older, tends to more closer to that of their adoptive parents.
- On the basis of differences in environment, children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher, socio-economic status exhibit an increase in their intelligence scores.
- Environmental deprivation lowers intelligence. Factors such as nutrition, good family background and quality schooling increase growth rate of intelligence.
- There is general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (Nature) and environment (Nurture).
- Heredity provides the potentials and sets a range of growth whereas environment facilitates the development of intelligence.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
What is IQ? How do psychologists classify people on the basis of their IQ scores?
All persons do not have the same intellectual capacity. How do individuals vary in their intellectual ability? Explain.
______ and performance tests help reduce the cultural bias usually associated with intelligence tests.
The IQ range for individuals with mild intellectual deficiency is ________.
The correlation between intelligence test scores of identical twins is ______.
- higher when they are raised together than when they are raised apart.
- greater than that for fraternal twins raised together.
- lower than that for any other blood relatives.
- the same whether they are reared together or apart.
Choose the correct option:
The distribution of IQ scores ______.
- is approximately normal or bell-shaped.
- falls off abruptly above 100.
- reveals a difference in the average for men and women.
- shows that most people score between 90 and 109.
Choose the correct option-
Read the case given below and answer the question by choosing the most appropriate option:
This is a story of three students Ruby, Radhika and Shankar who were enrolled in an Undergraduate Psychology Program in a University. Ruby was the admission officer’s dream. She was selected for the program as she had perfect entrance test scores, outstanding grades and excellent letters of recommendation. But when it was time for Ruby to start coming up with ideas of her own, she disappointed her professors.
On the other hand, Radhika did not meet the admission officer’s expectations. She had good grades but low entrance exam scores. However, her letters of recommendation described her as a creative young woman. She could design and implement research work with minimal guidance at college.
Shankar ranked somewhere in between the two students. He was satisfactory on almost every traditional measure of success. But rather than falling somewhere in the middle of his class at college, Shankar proved to be an outstanding student. His strength lay in the ability to not only adapt well to the demands of his new environment but also to modify the environment to suit his needs.
Out of the three students mentioned in the story, who are/is more likely to be a successful entrepreneur?
Name the psychologist who proposed the concept of Intelligence Quotient.
____________ is an exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas.
Identify the formula for calculating the intelligence quotient.
In graphical representations showing stress levels on X-axis and performance on Y-axis, best performance can be expected at
Which memory is the result of instrumental/motor learning processes?
When the IQ of an individual is found to be below ______, he is considered to be intellectually deficient.
The Indian adaptation of the Wechsler Adult Performance intelligence scale was developed by:
According to Piaget the children are able to grasp the concept of object permanence and conservation in:
Institutional planning should be based on-
A highly creative man must be of high level of intelligence. This is claimed by
Who among the following was the first person that devised systematic tests to measure intelligence test?
______ involves the complete awareness of our relationship with the natural world.
Which among the following approach proposes that a group's 'economic maintenance system plays a vital role in the origin of culture and behavioural variation?
What is the first stage of development?
What is the time for pre-birth?
Late childhood ends ______
Hurlock divided how many parts of the life of man?
When the memory becomes sharp in a child?
In an experiment examining the effect of mood on intelligence, participants are randomly assigned to watch either a funny movie or a sad movie before they complete an IQ test. The funny movie is shown in a classroom, while the sad movie is shown in the student lounge. The most obvious problem with this experiment is ______
Name the psychologist who proposed the concept of Intelligence Quotient.
Read the case and answer the question that follows.
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Alfred Binet, in 1905, was requested by the French government to devise a method by which students who experienced difficulty in school could be identified. Binet and his colleague, Theodore Simon, began developing questions that focused on areas not explicitly taught in schools those days, such as memory, and attention skills related to problem-solving. Using these questions, Binet determined which were ones that served as the best predictors of school success. Binet quickly realized that some children were able to answer more advanced questions than older children were generally able to answer and vice versa. Based on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of mental age, or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group. This first intelligence test is referred to as the Binet-Simon Scale. He insisted that intelligence is influenced by many factors, it changes over time, and it can only be compared in children with similar backgrounds. |
‘Binet quickly realized that some children were able to answer more advanced questions than older children were generally able to answer and vice versa’. Why do individuals differ in intelligence? Using examples, give reasons for your answer.
Assertion (A): Children from disadvantaged homes, when adopted into families with higher socio-economic status, exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores.
Reason (R): Environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background and quality of schooling increases intelligence.
Kyna and Kyra are identical twins. They were separated early in childhood. Will they show similarities in their intellectual characteristics? Give reasons for your answer.
