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प्रश्न
What forces and factors contributed to the rise of Nation-States in Europe?
उत्तर
The forces and factors that contributed to the rise of Nation States in Europe are as follows:
- Political Factors (Need for a strong Control Authority): Fighting was the chief occupation of the feudal lords. People were fed up with anarchy and disorder. They were prepared to lend moral and material support to those kings who could reduce the power of the nobles. The Tudor Monarch, Henry VII (1485-1509) destroyed the power of the feudal lords in England. Cardinal Richelieu, the leading statesman of France, strengthened the authority of the French Crown. He reduced the power of the nobles. At this time, Spain and Portugal also had very powerful monarchs.
- Economic Factors: The merchants and traders resented all such barriers as prevented them from moving from one part of the country to another. This new class gave presents and also advanced loans to the kings that added to their military strength. The kings could now raise their independent armies to crush the plots and rebellions of their nobles.
- Intellectual Factors (Renaissance): Science and literature also forged ahead during this period. England, Italy, France, and Spain produced writers, inspired by nationalist ideas. Machiavelli, for instance, wanted to unite Italy under a strong central government. In his book ‘The Prince’, He pleaded for a strong monarchy for Italians at that time.
- Religious Factors (Reformation): In view of the Protestant revolt, many princes of Germany and other European kings, sided with Reformation. They now declared themselves as heads of the Church as well as of the Government. The kings had already crushed the feudal lords. Now, another great rival of the Crown i.e the Church also submitted to the king’s authority. That completed the edifice of a Nation-State. In England, it was King Henry VIII (1509-1547) who championed the cause of Protestantism. He got the English Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy to nullify the Pope’s power over the churches in England. This made the king, the supreme Head of the Church of England.
संबंधित प्रश्न
Mention the main point on which Luther and Zwingli disagreed.
The Movement against the Roman Catholic Church is called the Reformation. Discuss its causes with reference to the following:
Sale of Indulgences
Early in the sixteenth century there arose in Germany Martin Luther who became the great leader of the Reformation Movement. In this context describe:
Luther’s Theses
Zwingli heralded the Protestant Movement in Switzerland. In this context describe.
Zwingli’s Teachings
What were the results (Impacts) of the Reformation?
What are known as indulgences?
With reference to the Reformation, answer the following:
How did New Learning become a factor that led to the reformation?
State the contribution of the following to the protestant movement.
Ulrich Zwingli
With reference to Mercantilism answer the following question:
Explain briefly the basic principles of Mercantilism.
How did the following causes contribute to the formation of Reformation?
Rivalry in the Church.
