Geography Commerce (English Medium) Class 11 CBSE Syllabus 2025-26

• India and Afghanistan
• India and Bangladesh
• India and Bhutan
• India and China
• India and Maldives
• India and Myanmar
• India and Nepal
• India and Pakistan
• India and Sri Lanka

• Ganga Plains
• Brahmaputra Plains
• Rajastan Plains
• Punjab Plains

1. The western coastal plains
2. The eastern coastal plains

• The Onset of the Monsoon
• Rain-bearing Systems and Rainfall Distribution
• Break in the Monsoon

• Distribution of Rainfall
• Variability of Rainfall
• Climatic Regions of India
• Monsoons and the Economic Life in India

• Global Warming
• Causes of Global warming
• Effect of Global Warming

• Tropical Evergreen and Semi-Evergreen forests
• Tropical Deciduous forests
• Tropical Thorn forests
• Montane forests
• Littoral and Swamp forests

• Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
• Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
• Sunderbans Biosphere Reserve
• Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve

• Introduction
• Importance

• Physical Geography and Natural Sciences
• Geography and Social Sciences

• Branches of Geography (Based on Systematic Approach)

1. Physical Geography
2. Human Geography
3. Biogeography

• Branches of Geography Based on Regional Approach

1. Regional Studies/Area Studies
2. Regional Planning
3. Regional Development
4. Regional Analysis

• Physical Geography and Its Importance

• Origin of the Earth

• Origin of the Universe
• The Star Formation
• Formation of Planets

• Evolution of Lithosphere
• Evolution of Atmosphere and Hydrosphere
• Origin of Life

• The Crust
• The Mantle
• The Core

• Direct Sources
• Indirect Sources

• Introduction
• Focus and Epicenter
• Intensity of Earthquakes
• Types of Seismic Waves
• Measuring Earthquakes
• Causes and Effects of Earthquakes
• Precautions During an Earthquake
• Earthquake Resistant / Proof Buildings
• Modern Equipment for Earthquake Detection

• The Crust
• The Mantle
• The Core

• Volcanoes

1. Shield Volcanoes
2. Composite Volcanoes
3. Caldera
4. Flood Basalt Provinces
5. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanoes

• Volcanic Landforms

1. Intrusive Forms

1. Batholiths
2. Lacoliths
3. Lapolith, Phacolith, and Sills
4. Dykes

• Evidence in Support of the Continental Drift

1. The Matching of Continents (Jig-Saw-Fit)
2. Rocks of Same Age Across the Oceans
3. Tillite
4. Placer Deposits
5. Distribution of Fossils

• Force for Drifting
• Post-drift Studies

1. Convectional Current Theory
2. Mapping of the Ocean Floor

• Ocean Floor Configuration

1. Continental Margins
2. Abyssal Plains
3. Mid-Oceanic Ridges

• Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes

• Divergent Boundaries
• Convergent Boundaries
• Transform Boundaries
• Rates of Plate Movement
• Force for the Plate Movement

• Physical Characteristics
• Metallic Minerals

1. Precious metals 
2. Ferrous metals
3. Non-ferrous metals

• Non-Metallic Minerals

• Igneous Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks

1. Internal Processes

• Plate Tectonics

• Types of Plate Boundaries

1. Convergent Boundary
2. Divergent Boundary
3. Conservative/Transform Boundary

• Movements of Continental Plates
• Earthquake
• Seismic Waves
• Tsunami
• Volcanoes

1. Active Volcano
2. Dormant Volcano (or) Sleeping Volcano
3. Extinct or Dead Volcano
4. Composite Volcano
5. Volcanic Dome
6. Shield Volcano

• Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes
• Effect Of Volcanoes

1. Constructive Effects
2. Destructive Effects 

• Diastrophism
• Volcanism

• Weathering
• Types of Weathering
  1) Chemical Weathering
  2) Physical Weathering
  3) Biological Weathering
• Special Effects of Weathering
• Significance of Weathering

• Landslides

• The Process of Soil Formation
• Role of Plants and Animals in Soil Formation
• The Importance of Soil
• Soil Erosion and Destruction
• Effects of Soil Erosion and Destruction
• Effective Ways to Protect Soil

• The characteristics of each of the stages of landscapes developing in running water regimes may be summarised as follows:

1. Youth
2. Mature
3. Old

• Erosional Landforms

1. Valleys
2. Potholes and Plunge Pools
3. Incised or Entrenched Meanders
4. River Terraces

• Depositional Landforms

1. Alluvial Fans
2. Deltas
3. Floodplains, Natural Levees and Point Bars
4. Meanders

• Erosional Landforms

1. Pools, Sinkholes, Lapies, and Limestone Pavements
2. Caves

• Depositional Landforms

1. Stalactites, Stalagmites and Pillars

• Erosional Landforms

1. Cirque
2. Horns and Serrated Ridges
3. Glacial Valleys/Troughs

• Depositional Landforms

1. Moraines
2. Eskers
3. Outwash Plains
4. Drumlins

• Erosional Landforms

1. Cliffs, Terraces, Caves, and Stacks

• Depositional Landforms

1. Beaches and Dunes
2. Bars, Barriers, and Spits

• Erosional Landforms

1. Pediments and Pediplains
2. Playas
3. Deflation Hollows and Caves
4. Mushroom, Table, and Pedestal Rocks

• Depositional Landforms

1. Sand Dunes

• Gases
• Water Vapour
• Dust Particles

• Atmosphere
• Layers of Atmosphere
• The Role of Atmosphere In Climate Control

• Variability of Insolation at the Surface of the Earth

• Terrestrial Radiation
• Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
• Temperature
• Factors Controlling Temperature Distribution
• Distribution of Temperature

• Vertical Variation of Pressure
• Horizontal Distribution of Pressure
• World Distribution of Sea Level Pressure

• Pressure Gradient Force
• Frictional Force
• Coriolis Force
• Pressure and Wind

• Seasonal Wind
• Local Winds
• Land and Sea Breezes
• Mountain and Valley Winds 
• Air Masses
• Fronts
• Extra-Tropical Cyclones
• Tropical Cyclones
• Thunderstorms and Tornadoes

• Dew
• Frost
• Fog and Mist
• Clouds

1. Cirrus
2. Cumulus
3. Stratus
4. Nimbus

• Precipitation

• Rainfall
• Types of Rainfall
  1. Convectional Rainfall
  2. Orographic Rainfall
  3. Cyclonic Rainfall

• Climate in the recent past

• Global Warming
• Causes of Global warming
• Effect of Global Warming

• Effects of Global Warming
• Sources of Green House Gases Emission (Natural and Anthropogenic)
• Strategies to deal with Global Warming
• Ozone depletion
• Effects of Ozone depletion

• Evapotranspiration

1. Evaporation
2. Transpiration 
3. Condensation

• Forms of Condensation

1. Dew
2. Frost
3. Fog
4. Mist
5. Clouds

• Introduction
• Continental Shelf
• Continental Slope
• Abyssal Plains 
• Mountain Ranges And Plateaus
• Marine Deeps And Marine Trenches 

• Factors Affecting Temperature Distribution

1. Latitude
2. Unequal distribution of land and water
3. Prevailing wind
4. Ocean currents

• Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Temperature

• Factors affecting ocean salinity
• Horizontal Distribution of Salinity
• Vertical Distribution of Salinity

• Tides based on Frequency
• Tides based on the Sun, Moon, and Earth Positions

• Introduction
• Types of Ocean Currents

• Types of Ecosystems

1. Terrestrial
2. Aquatic

• Structure and Functions of Ecosystems
• Types of Biomes

• Introduction
• Types of Biogeochemical Cycle

Levels of Biodiversity

• Genetic diversity
• Species diversity
• Ecological (Ecosystem) diversity

• Ecological Role of Biodiversity
• Economic Role of Biodiversity
• Scientific Role of Biodiversity
• Rivet Popper hypothesis

• Loss of Biodiversity
• Causes of Biodiversity losses
  (i) Habitat loss and fragmentation
  (ii) Overexploitation
  (iii) Alien species invasions
  (iv) Co-extinctions

• Why should we conserve Biodiversity?
  (i) Narrowly utilitarian argument
  (ii) Broadly utilitarian argument
  (iii) Ethical argument
• How do we conserve Biodiversity?
  (i) In-situ methods: Biodiversity Hotspots and Sacred Groves
  (ii) Ex-situ Conservation - Zoological parks, Botanical parks, Wildlife Safari parks

• Scale
• Map Projection
• Map Generalisation
• Map Design
• Map Construction and Production

• Large-scale Maps

1. Cadastral maps
2. Topographical maps

• Small-scale Maps

1. Wall Maps
2. Atlas Maps

• Physical Maps

1. Relief Maps
2. Geological Maps
3. Climatic Maps
4. Soil Maps

• Cultural Maps

1. Political Maps
2. Population Maps
3. Economic Maps
4. Transportation Maps

• Measurement of Distance
• Measurement of Direction
• Measurement of Area

• Statement of Scale
• Graphical or Bar Scale
• Representative Fraction (R.F.)

• Statement of Scale into Representative Fraction (R.F.)
• Representative Fraction (R.F.) into Statement of Scale

• Drawing the Parallels of Latitudes

• Drawing the Meridians of Longitude

• International date line
• The importance of IDL

• Reduced Earth
• Parallels of Latitude
• Meridians of Longitude
• Global Property

• Drawing Techniques
• Developable Surface
• Global Properties
• Source of Light

• Conical Projection with one Standard Parallel
• Cylindrical Equal Area Projection
• Mercator’s Projection

• International Map Series of the World
• Reading of Topographical Maps

• Contours
• Some basic features of contour lines

• Gentle Slope
• Steep Slope
• Concave Slope
• Convex Slope

• Conical Hill
• Plateau

• ‘V’- shaped Valley
• ‘U’ - shaped Valley
• Gorge
• Spur
• Cliff
• Waterfall and Rapids
• Steps for Drawing a Cross-section

• Distribution Of Settlements
• Transport And Communication Pattern

• Photogrammetry
• Image Interpretation

• Improved vantage point
• Time freezing ability
• Broadened Sensitivity
• Three Dimensional Perspective

• Types of Aerial Photographs Based on the Position of the Cameral Axis

1. Vertical photographs
2. Low oblique photographs
3. High oblique photographs

• Types of Aerial Photographs Based on Scale

1. Large Scale Photographs
2. Medium Scale Photographs
3. Small Scale Photographs

• Parallel Projection
• Orthogonal Projection
• Central Projection

• Method 1: By Establishing Relationship Between Photo Distance and Ground Distance
• Method 2: By Establishing Relationship Between Photo Distance and Map Distance
• Method 3: By Establishing Relationship Between Focal Length (f) and Flying Height (H) of the Aircraft

• Source of Energy (sun/self-emission)
• Transmission of energy from the source to the surface of the earth
• Interaction of energy with the earth’s surface
• Propagation of reflected/emitted energy through atmosphere
• Detection of the reflected/emitted energy by the sensor
• Conversion of energy received into photographic/digital form of data
• Extraction of the information contents from the data products
• Conversion of information into Map/Tabular forms

• Multispectral Scanners

1. Whiskbroom Scanners
2. Pushbroom Scanners

• Spatial Resolution
• Spectral Resolution
• Radiometric Resolution

• Photographic Images
• Digital Images

• Elements of Visual Interpretation

1. Tone or Colour
2. Texture
3. Size
4. Shape
5. Shadow
6. Pattern
7. Association

• Thermometer
• Rain gauge
• Barometer
• Hygrometer
• Anemometer and wind vane (Brief explanation with diagrams)

• Weather Maps
• Weather Charts

• Mapping the Climatic Data
• Weather Map Interpretation