Botany HSC Science Class 12 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2024-25

• Double Fertilization 
• Significance of Double Fertilization 
• Syngamy and Triple Fusion

• Apomixis
• Classification of apomixis

1. Recurrent apomixis
2. Non-recurrent apomixis
3. Adventive apomixis

• Mendelism
• Father of Genetics - Gregor Johann Mendel
• Reasons for Mendel's success
• Advantages of selecting pea plant for experiment by Mendel

• Mendel’s Principles of Heredity
• Mendelian inheritance - Mendel’s Laws of Heredity

• Monohybrid Cross
• Representation of a Gene

• Back cross 
• Test cross 

• Dihybrid Cross
• Reasons for Mendel’s Success
• Reciprocal Cross

• Mechanism of Crossing Over
• Types of Crossing Over
• Importance of Crossing Over
• Recombination
• Genetic Mapping

• Sex determination in papaya
• Sex Determination in Sphaerocarpos
• Sex determination in maize

• Types of mutation
• Mutagenic agents
• Chromosomal mutations

• Eukaryotic DNA replication
• Experimental evidence of DNA replication: Taylors Experiment

• Transcription
• RNA Splicing in plants
• Translation
• Alternative Splicing in plants
• RNA Editing – Post Transcriptional RNA Processing in plants

• Fermentation
• Single Cell Protein (SCP)

• Genetic Engineering
• Steps involved in Recombinant DNA Technology 

• Restriction Enzymes
• DNA Ligase
• Alkaline Phosphatase
• Vectors
• Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA)

• Direct or Vectorless Gene Transfer
• Indirect or Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer

• Insertional Inactivation - Blue-White Colony Selection Method
• Antibiotic resistant markers
• Replica plating technique
• Molecular Techniques - Isolation of Genetic Material and Gel Electrophoresis
• Nucleic Acid Hybridization - Blotting Techniques
• Bioassay for Target Gene Effect
• Genome Sequencing and Plant Genome Projects
• Evolutionary pattern assessed using DNA
• Genome editing and CRISPR - Cas9
• RNA Interference (RNAi)

• Herbicide Tolerant – Glyphosate
• Herbicide Tolerant - Basta
• Insect resistance - Bt Crops
• Virus Resistance
• FlavrSavr Tomato
• Golden rice - Biofortification
• Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
• Polylactic acid (PLA)
• Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
• Biopharming
• Bioremediation
• Biofuel: Algal Biofuel
• Bioprospecting

1. Healthcare Biotechnology 
2. Agriculture 
3. Gene therapy 
4. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 

• Laboratory Facilities for PTC 
• Technique Involved in PTC
• Types of Plant tissue cultures

• Somatic Embryogenesis 
• Organogenesis

• Micropropagation of Banana
• Artificial Seed
• Virus-free plants

• Germplasm Conservation
• Cryopreservation (–195.C)

• Patents
• Biosafety and Bioethics

• Definitions of ecology
• Ecological hierarchy
• Branches of Ecology
• Habitat and Niche
• Ecological equivalents

• Climatic Factors
• Edaphic factors
• Topographic factors
• Biotic factors

• Dispersal by Wind (Anemochory)
• Dispersal by Water (Hydrochory)
• Dispersal by Animals (Zoochory)
• Dispersal by Explosive Mechanism (Autochory)

• Ecosystems
• Components of the environment - Abiotic and biotic, Productivity, Decomposition, Energy flow, Nutrient cycling
• The function of the Ecosystem:

1. Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), Definition of PAR, 10% Law, standing crop and standing state.
2. Productivity of an ecosystem
3. Concept of trophic level in an ecosystem
4. Energy flow
5. Food chain
6. Food Web
7. Ecological pyramids
8. Decomposition
9. Biogeochemical cycle (Nutrient cycle)
10. Types of ecosystem
11. Ecosystem services ( Benefits)
12. Ecosystem Management

• Causes of Succession
• Characteristics of ecological succession
• Types of succession
• Process of succession
• Classification of plant succession
• Significance of Plant Succession

• Vegetation types of India andTamil Nadu

1. Forest Vegetation
2. Grassland vegetation
3. Riparian vegetation
4. Aquatic And Semi-Aquatic Vegetation

• Effects of Global Warming
• Sources of Green House Gases Emission (Natural and Anthropogenic)
• Strategies to deal with Global Warming
• Ozone depletion
• Effects of Ozone depletion

• Agro forestry
• Social forestry
• Major activities of forestry extension centres

• Agrochemicals
• Effects of Agrochemicals
• Biomagnification
• Eutrophication
• Case Study of Organic Farming

• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
• Endemic Centres and Endemic Plants

• Environmental benefits of Rain Water Harvesting
• Importance of Lakes

• Liquid Waste Management

• Biodiversity Impact Assessment (BIA)

• Biofertilizers

Plant breeding

• Hybridization and its technique
  Steps of Hybridization technique
  Indian Hybrid Crops 
• Mutation Breeding

         -Plant Breeding for Developing a Resistance to Insect Pest

• Plant Introduction
• Selection
• Hybridization
• Heterosis
• Mutation Breeding
• Polyploid Breeding
• Green Revolution
• Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to diseases
• Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests

• New Plant Engineering Techniques / New Breeding Techniques (NBT)

• Traditional methods of Seed Protection
• Modern Methods of Seed Protection

• Classification of seeds based on storage
• Methods of Seed Storage
• Seed Certification

• Cereals

• Major Cereals

• Millets (Siru Thaniyangal)
• Minor Millets
• Pulses
• Vegetables
• Fruits 
• Nuts
• Sugars
• Oil Seeds
• Beverages

• Spices
• Condiment

• Seasoning of wood
• Grain, Texture, and Figure of wood

• Dye and its Types
• Uses and Adverse Effects of Dyes

• Perfumes

• Siddha system of medicine
• Ayurveda system of medicine

• Mushroom cultivation
• Single Cell Protein (SCP) Production
• Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer
• Organic farming
• Terrarium
• Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants