Zoology HSC Science Class 12 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2024-25

• Gametogenesis

1. Spermatogenesis
2. Structure of human spermatozoan
3. Oogenesis
4. Structure of ovum

• Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
• Phases menstrual cycle

1. Menstrual phase
2. Follicular or proliferative phase
3. Ovulatory phase
4. Luteal or secretory phase

• Menstrual hygiene
• Menopause

• Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programme
  - Goals of RCH Programmes

• Population Explosion
• Reasons for population explosion
• Impact of population explosion
• Methods to control population explosion

• Introduction
• Some Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Other diseases of the Reproductive Tract

• IVF-ET: in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. 
• ICSI: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection  
• GIFT: Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer 
• ZIFT: Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer  
• IUT: Intra-Uterine Transfer
• IUI: Intra-Uterine insemination
• Adoption

• Intra-uterine insemination (IUI)
• In vitro fertilization (IVF) or Test tube baby
• Zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT)
• Intra uterine transfer (IUT)
• Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT)
• Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
• Surrogacy
• Male infertility

• Ultrasound scanning
• Amniocentesis
• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
• Foetoscope

• ABO blood types
• Rhesus or Rh Factor

• Fisher and Race hypothesis
• Wiener Hypothesis
• Incompatibility of Rh Factor – Erythroblastosis foetalis

• Prevention of Erythroblastosis foetalis

 Sex Determination

1. Sex Determination in human beings 
2. Sex Determination in birds 
3. Sex Determination in honey bees  

• X-linked (sex-linked) genes
• Y-linked (Holandric) genes

1. Colour blindness
2. Haemophilia (Bleeder’s disease)

• Preparation of Karyotype
• Applications of Karyotyping
• Human Karyotype

• Genetic Disorders
• Examples of Genetic Disorders

• Eugenics
• Euphenics
• Euthenics

• Pentose sugar
• Nitrogenous bases
• The phosphate functional group
• Nucleoside and nucleotide

• Packaging in Prokaryotes
• Packaging in Eukaryotes

• Functions of DNA:

1. Heterocatalytic function
2. Autocatalytic function

Process of semicoservative replication 

• Activation of Nucleotides 
• Point of Origin or Initiation point 
• Unwinding of DNA molecule 
• Replicating fork 
• Synthesis of new strands 
• Leading and Lagging strand 
• Formation of daughter DNA molecules

• Characteristics of Genetic code 
• Mutations and Genetic Code 

• Mechanism of Translation

• Human Genome Project
• Goals of HGP
• Methodologies
• Salient Features of Human Genome
• Applications and Future Challenges

• DNA Fingerprinting Technique
• Steps involved in DNA finger printing
• Application of DNA fingerprinting

• Origin of life
• Theories of origin of life

1. Big Bang Theory
2. Theory of Panspermia
3. Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis
4. Theory of Biogenesis
5. Theory of Chemical Origin
6. Urey and Miller's experiment

• Paleontological evidences
• Evidences from comparative anatomy

1. Homologous structures
2. Analogous structures
3. Vestigial organs 
4. Connecting link
5. Atavistic organs

• Embryological evidences

1. Molecular evidences

• Lamarck’s theory

• The main objection to Lamarckism 
• Neo-Lamarckism

• Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection

1. Objections to Darwinism
2. Neo Darwinism 

• Mutation theory

1. Salient features of Mutation Theory

• Modern synthetic theory
• Evolution by anthropogenic sources

1. Natural Selection (Industrial melanism)

• Adaptive Radiation 

1. Darwin’s finches

• Speciation
• Modes to form New species

1. Intraspecific Speciation: Allopatric speciation and Sympatric speciation
2. Interspecific Speciation: Hybridisation

• Signs and symptoms of mental depression

• Innate immunity
• Acquired immunity

• Components of acquired immunity
• Types of acquired immunity

• Immune responses

• Primary immune response
• Secondary immune response

• Lymphoid organs

• Primary lymphoid organs
• Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs
• Cells of the immune system

• Antigens

• Types of antigens

• Antibodies
• Antigen -antibody interaction 

• Binding force of antigen - antibody reaction
• Different types of antigen and antibody reactions

• Vaccines
• Vaccination and immunization
• Hypersensitivity 

• Types of Immunity

1. Innate immunity or Inborn immunity

1. Epithelial surface
2. Antimicrobial substances in blood and
   tissues
3. Cellular factors in innate immunity
4. Fever
5. Acute phase proteins (APPs)

2. Acquired immunity

1. Active immunity

1. Natural Acquired Active immunity
2. Artificial Acquired Active immunity

      II. Passive immunity

1. Natural Acquired Passive immunity
2. Artificially Acquired Passive
   immunity

• Primary lymphoid organs
• Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs
• Cells of the immune system

• Types of antigens

• Structure of a typical antibody molecule
• Types of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE (function and occurrence, e,g. in serum, saliva, colostrum)

• Binding force of antigen - antibody reaction
• Different types of antigen and antibody reactions

• Vaccination
• Immunization

• Structure of HIV
• HIV Transmission

• Tumour immunology
• Immunotherapy of cancer

• Immunotherapy of cancer

• Microbes in Household Food Processing
• Curd, Idli, Bread, Traditional drinks and food, Cheese
• Single cell protein (SCP)

Microbes in Industrial Production

1. Production of Alcoholic Beverages 
2. Production of organic acids 
3. Production of vitamins 
4. Production of Antibiotics 
5. Production of Enzymes 
6. Gibberellin production 

Composition of Sewage

Microorganisms in Sewage

Sewage treatment process includes four basic steps as follows:

1. Preliminary Treatment
2. Primary treatment (physical treatment)
3. Secondary treatment (biological treatment)
4. Tertiary treatment

• Microorganisms involved in bioremediation

• In medicine: Genetically Engineered Insulin, Gene therapy - with reference to the treatment of SCID, molecular diagnosis by PCR, ELISA and use of DNA/RNA probe.

• Transgenic animals for bioactive products like alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema, alpha-lactalbumin

1. Normal physiology and development
2. Study of disease
3. Biological products
4. Vaccine safety
5. Chemical safety testing

• Bio Piracy and Patents
• GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee)
• Biopiracy
• Patents
• Cyber Crime
• Software Piracy
• Hacking
• Cracking

• The possible risks of GMOs 

• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and Protection (IPP)
• Patents
• Geographical indication (GI)
• Copyright
• Trade marks

• Niche (or) Ecological Niche

• Temperature
• Adaptations to temperature
• Light
• Water
• Soil 
• Wind
• Humidity
• Altitude

• Characters of a biome
• Aquatic Biomes
• Terrestrial biomes
• Major Biomes of the Earth

• Tundra Biome 
• Taiga Biome 
• Grassland Biome
• Alpine biome
• Forest biomes
• Desert biomes

Population

•  Natality

1. Absolute Natality
2. Realized Natality

•  Mortality

1. Absolute Mortality
2. Realized Mortality

• Sex ratio
• Age distribution and Age pyramid
• Population Growth 

• Growth Models / Curves
• S-Shaped growth form (sigmoid growth)

Population Interactions

1. Predation (adaptations in organisms to avoid predation)
2. Competition (Interspecific, interference, Competitive exclusion, Competitive release, Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle)
3. Parasitism 
   ⇒ Types of parasites: Ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Brood parasitism
4. Commensalism
5. Mutualism
6. Amensalism

• Ecological Role of Biodiversity
• Economic Role of Biodiversity
• Scientific Role of Biodiversity
• Rivet Popper hypothesis

• Habitat Loss
• Habitat fragmentation
• Over exploitation
• Exotic species invasion
• Global Climate changes
• Shifting or Jhum cultivation (Slash-and-burn agriculture)
• Coextinctions
• Intensive agriculture
• Loss of biodiversity
• Hotspots
• Endangered organisms
• Extinction

• Red Data Book

• In-situ Conservation 

• Protected Areas
• National Parks (NP)
• Wild Life Sanctuaries (WLS)
• Biosphere Reserve (BR)
• Sacred Groves

• Ex-Situ Conservation

• Offsite Collections
• Gene Banks

• Meaning
• Types of Pollution 

1. Air pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Noise Pollution 
4. Land Pollution 

• Classification of Pollutants

• Water Pollution
• Types of Water Pollutants
• Causes of Water Pollution
• Reasons of Water Pollution

• Agrochemicals
• Effects of Agrochemicals
• Biomagnification
• Eutrophication
• Case Study of Organic Farming

• Integrated Wastewater Management

• Wastewater Treatment

1. Primary treatment
2. Secondary treatment or biological treatment
3. Tertiary treatment