Question

How do you distinguish between the process of soil formation and soil-forming factors?

Answer 1

Process refers to step by step procedure or methodical ways in which soil comes into existence while factors causing this formation are called soil forming factors.

Soil formation process: Soil formation is called pedogenesis. It depends on weathering the most. It is this weathering mantle which is the basic input for soil to form. The weathered material or transported deposits are colonised by bacteria and other inferior plant bodies like mosses and lichens. Several minor organisms may take shelter within the mantle and deposits. The dead remains of organisms and plants help in humus accumulation. Minor grasses and ferns may grow; later, bushes and trees will start growing through seeds brought in by birds and wind. Plant roots penetrate down, burrowing animals bring up particles, mass of material becomes porous and sponge- like with a capacity to retain water and to permit the passage of air and finally a mature soil, a complex mixture of mineral and organic products forms.

Soil-forming factors: Five basic factors control the formation of soils:

1. Parent material
2. Topography
3. Climate
4.  Biological activity
5. Time