Physical Education Commerce (English Medium) Class 12 CBSE Syllabus 2025-26

1. Planning
2. Organising
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Controlling

• Hierarchy of Organising Committee to conduct Intramural Event in School/institution
  (1) Chairperson (Principal of School)
  (2) Convener (Physical Education Teacher)
  (3) Members (Teachers of School)
  (4) Head Boy/Girl (Sports Secretary/President)
• Hierarchy of Organising Committee to conduct Extramural Event in Schools/institutions
  (1) Director of Physical Education and Sports in State Government (Chairperson)
  (2) Deputy Director/Assistant Director/Supervisor Sports (Convener)
  (3) Physical Education Teachers of different Schools (Members)

1. Technical Committee
2. Logistics Committee
3. Finance Committee
4. Marketing Committee

• Types of tournament
  1. Knock – Out Tournament
  2. League or Round Robin
  3. Combination

1. To determine the total number of teams that will participate in the Knock-out tournament.
2. To determine the total number of matches to be played in the tournament.
3. The total number of teams are to be divided into two halves, namely Upper Half and Lower Half.
4. After determining Upper and Lower Half Teams, byes will be given.
5. Allotment of byes in the fixture.
6. Write the serial number (number of participants) in vertical order.

1. Determine the number of matches.
2. Study two types of methods to fix the team in league tournament
   (i) Cyclic Method
   (ii) Stair Case Method
   
3. Determining the winner/merit in League Tournament

• Objectives of Intramural Tournaments
• Significance of Intramural Tournaments
  (1) Selection for extramural
  (2) Group cohesion
  (3) Professional experience
  (4) Health
  (5) Recreation
  (6) Mass participation

• Objectives of Extramural Tournament
• Significance of Extramural Tournaments
  (1) Progression in performance
  (2) Psychological factors
  (3) Level of fitness
  (4) Socialization

• Purpose of Community Sports
• Benefits of Community Sports
  (1) Health
  (2) Social
  (3) Psychological
  (4) Economic
• Events organised as part of community sports
  (1) Sports Day
  (2) Health Run
  (3) Run for Fun
  (4) Run for Specific Cause
  (5) Run for Unity
  (6) Games and Sports

1. Infants (Less than 1 year)
2. Toddlers (1-2 years of age)
3. Children 3-4 years

• Meaning of posture
• Categories of posture - Dynamic posture and Static posture

• Meaning of Knock Knees
• Causes of Knock Knees
• Corrective measures of Knock Knees

• Meaning of Flat Foot
• Causes of Flat Foot
• Corrective measures of Flat Foot

• Meaning of Round Shoulders
• Causes of Round Shoulders
• Corrective measures of Round Shoulders

• Meaning of Kyphosis
• Causes of Kyphosis
• Corrective measures of Kyphosis

• Meaning of Lordosis
• Causes of Lordosis
• Corrective measures of Lordosis

• Meaning of Scoliosis
• Causes of Scoliosis
• Corrective measures of Scoliosis

• Meaning of Bow Legs
• Causes of Bow Legs
• Corrective measures of Bow Legs

1. Physical Benefits
   (1) Lifestyle Diseases
   (2) Bone Density
   (3) Toned Muscles
   (4) Cardiovascular System
   (5) Obesity
2. Psychological Benefits
   (1) Stress Management
   (2) Control Emotions
   (3) Confidence
   (4) Self-Esteem
   (5) Leadership
3. Social Benefits
   (1) Coordination
   (2) Communication
   (3) Inter-relationships
   (4) Cooperation

• Menarche
• Menstrual Dysfunction
• Types of menstrual disorders
  1. Pre-menstrual Syndrome
  2. Amenorrhea
  3. Dysmenorrhea
  4. Menorrhagi
  5. Polymenorrhea
  6. Oligomenorrhea
  7. Metrorrhagia
  8. Postmenopausal bleeding

1. Low Energy Availability with or Without Disordered Eating
2. Menstrual Dysfunction
3. Low Bone Mineral Density

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Benefits, Precautions

• Technique
• Breathing awareness
• Benefits
  1) Back pain
  2) Spinal health
  3) Weight loss
  4) Asthma control
  5) Constipation relief
  6) Abdominal sides’ fat
  7) Nerve health
  8) Strengthening of legs
  9) Sciatica
• Contraindications
  1) Pregnancy
  2) Varicose vein
  3) Headache
  4) Insomnia

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Benefits

Technique, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Breathing awareness, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Benefits, Contraindications

Technique, Benefits

Technique, Benefits

Technique, Benefits, Contraindications

Benefits, Contraindications

• Categories
• The purpose of the criteria
  (1) Physical Impairment - Impaired muscle power, Impaired passive range of movement, Loss of limb or limb deficiency, Leg-length difference, Short stature, Hypertonia, Ataxia, Athetosis
  (2) Visual Impairment
  (3) Intellectual Disability

• History of Special Olympics
• Logo and Oath
• Programmes run by Special Olympics around the world
  (1) Young Athlete Programme
  (2) Unified Sports Programme
  (3) Healthy Athletes Programme
• Special Olympic Sports Rules/Guidelines

• Logo

• Classification Process
• Classifications in Paralympics (eligible impairments)
  (1) Physical Impairment - Impaired muscle power, Impaired passive range of movement, Loss of limb or limb deficiency, Leg-length difference, Short stature, Hypertonia, Ataxia, Athetosis

• Implementation of Divisioning
• Process of Divisioning - Age, Gender, Ability
  
• Maximum Effort Rule

1. Role of Family
2. Role of School
3. Role of Organisations

• Need for Inclusive Education
  1) Builds Self Esteem
  2) Improves Social and Communication Skills
  3) Enhances Sensitivity
  4) Creates Better Understanding and Appreciation of others
  5) Creates a Sense of Belonging
  6) Enhances Academic Performance
  7) Improves Performance
• Implementation of Inclusive Education in India

1. Physical benefits
2. Mode of Recreation and Fun
3. Improved Emotional Health
4. Channelizing the Surplus Energy
5. Psychological benefits
6. Healthy lifestyle
7. Behavioural Benefits
8. Increased Independence

1. Communication
2. Space
3. Equipment
4. Graded Activities
5. Social strategies
6. Psychological strategies

• Introduction
• Modes of Nutrition
• Types of Nutrients

1. Macro-minerals
2. Trace minerals (micro-minerals)

• Non-nutritive components of diet
• Non-nutritive factors that interfere with nutrient absorption
  1. Phytates
  2. Tannins
  3. Trypsin Inhibitors
  4. Oxalates
  5. Goitrogens
  
• Beneficial non-nutritive factors of foods
  1. Phytochemicals
  2. Anthocyanins
  3. Flavonoids or isoflavones
  4. Artificial Sweeteners
  5. Preservatives
  6. Spices
  7. Coffee
  

• Modifications in the diet to be made

1. Absence of an enzyme
2. Chemical causes of food intolerance
3. Toxins due to Food poisoning
4. Salicylates
5. Gluten intolerance
6. Food additives and intolerance

1. The fewer the carbohydrates, healthier you are
2. Oils/Margarine have fewer calories than Ghee/butter
3. Apples and brinjals are rich in iron because they turn brown when cut
4. Milk should be avoided after eating fish
5. Drinking water in between meals affects digestion

1. Age group 5-8 years
   (1) Body Composition (BMI)
   (2) Coordination (Plate Tapping)
   (3) Balance (Flamingo Balance)
   
2. Age group 9-18+ years
   (1) Body Composition (BMI)
   (2) Strength - a. Abdominal (Partial Curl-up) b. Muscular Endurance (Push Ups for Boys, Modified Push Ups for Girls)
   (3) Flexibility (Sit and Reach Test)
   (4) Cardiovascular Endurance (600 Meter Run/Walk)
   (5) Speed (50 mt. Dash)

• Measuring Height Accurately
• Measuring Weight Accurately

1. Harvard Step Test

1. Front Roll
2. Back Roll
3. Jumping Half-Turns
4. Jumping Full- Turns

1. Skeletal muscles factor
2. Energy production factor
3. Cardiorespiratory factor

1. Strength
2. Endurance
3. Speed
4. Flexibility

1. Short Term Effect of Exercises on Muscular system
   (i) Increased blood supply
   (ii) Increased muscle temperature
   (iii) Increased muscle flexibility
   (iv) Accumulation of Lactate
   (v) Micro-tears in Muscle Fibres
   
2. Long term effects of Exercise on Muscular system
   (i) Hypertrophy of Muscle
   (ii) Increase in Strength of Ligaments and Tendons
   (iii) Increase in Size and Number of Mitochondria
   (iv) Increase in Myoglobin Storage
   (v) Increase in Glycogen Storage
   (vi) Increase in Oxidation/ Metabolism
   (vii) Increase in Lactate Acid Tolerance

1. Cardiovascular system
2. Respiratory system

• Short Term Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular System
  1) Increased Heart Rate
  2) Increased Blood Circulation
  3) Increased systolic blood pressure
  4) Increased Stroke Volume
  5) Increased Cardiac Output
• Long Term Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular System
  1) Increased Size and Strength of Heart
  2) Low Level of Accumulation of Lactic Acid
  3) Decrease in Resting Heart Rate
  4) Normal Blood Pressure
  5) Increase in Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output
  6) Increase in Capillaries Network

• Short Term Effects of Exercise in Respiratory System
  (1) Respiratory Rate Increases
  (2) Tidal Volume Increases
  (3) Rate of Exchange of Gas Increases
• Long Term Effects of Exercise in Respiratory System
  (1) Increased Efficiency of Respiratory Muscles
  (2) Increased Lung volume
  (3) Increased Pulmonary Diffusion
  (4) Increased Residual Volume

1. Muscular Strength
2. Neural Function
3. Endocrine Changes with Ageing
4. Pulmonary Function
5. Cardiovascular Function
6. Body Composition
7. Bone Mass

• Meaning and definitions of sports injuries

• Classified according to the cause of the injury:
  (1) Direct Injuries
  (2) Indirect Injuries
  (3) Soft Tissue Injuries
  (4) Hard Tissue Injuries
  (5) Overuse Injuries
• Types of sports injuries:
  (1) Skin injuries (Abrasion, Laceration, Incision, Puncture wound, Avulsion)
  (2) Soft tissue injuries (Contusion, Sprain, Strain)
  (3) Joint injuries (Dislocation)
  (4) Bone injuries (Fracture)
  (5) Acute and chronic
  (6) Minor/ moderately serious
  (7) Minor and major
  (8) Microtrauma and macro trauma

1. Abrasion
2. Contusion
3. Laceration
4. Strain
5. Sprain
6. Incision

1. Dislocation
2. Fractures
3. Stress fracture
4. Greenstick
5. Comminuted
6. Transverse
7. Oblique
8. Impacted

• Meaning and Definition of a Lever
• Components of lever
  (1) The load/resistance arm
  (2) The fulcrum
  (3) The force/effort arm
  (4) The lever
• Standard symbols of lever systems

1. First-Class Lever
   
2. Second Class Lever
   
3. Third Class Lever

1. Cricket bat (2nd class)
2. Kicking - Lower limb (3rd class)
3. Jumping - Plantar flexion of the foot (2nd class)
4. Looking up/down or side-to-side (1st class)

• Meaning of equilibrium or stability
• Types of equilibrium
  (1) Static equilibrium
  (2) Dynamic equilibrium

• Guiding Principles to Determine the Degree of Stability
  1) Broader the base, the greater the stability
  2) Body weight is directly proportional to stability
  3) Lower the Centre of gravity, higher the stability
  4) The nearer the centre of gravity to the centre of the base of support the more will be the stability
  5) Direction of acting force

• Centre of gravity
• Example of centre of gravity
• Importance and Application of centre of gravity in Sports

• Meaning of friction
• Types of friction
  (1) Static friction
  (2) Kinetic friction − Sliding friction and Rolling friction
  (3) Fluid friction
• Things that affect friction

1. Polishing
2. Lubricating
3. Wheels and Ball bearing use
4. Streamlining

• Meaning and definition of projectile motion

1. Gravity
2. Air Resistance - Surface area, speed, surface of the object, mass
3. Speed of release
4. Angle of release/ projection angle
5. Height of release
6. Spin

1. Sports
2. Baseball - Pitching analysis, Hitting analysis
3. Basketball

• Meaning of personality
• Definition of personality

• Jung's classification of personality types
  (1) Introvert
  (2) Extrovert - The Eight Preferences
  (3) Ambivert
• Personality functions - Feeling, Thinking, Sensing, and Intuitive

1. Openness to Experience (Imaginative vs Narrow Interest)
2. Extraversion (Enthusiastic vs Reserved)
3. Conscientiousness (Organized vs Easy-going)
4. Agreeableness (Friendly vs Un-Cooperative)
5. Neuroticism (Composed vs Nervous)

• Meaning of motivation
• Motivation influenced by two factors: Objective and Direction

• Difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

1. Cognitive Approach
   (a) Time Bound
   (b) Set Complexity level of task
   (c) Make task Specific
   (d) Define Purpose of task
   
2. Pedagogical Approach
   (a) Guided Discovery Method
   (b) Valuable Feedback System
   (c) Fun-based Training
   (d) Individualized Training Program (ITP/IEP)
   
3. Social Support Strategy
   
4. Facilitation Approach
   (a) Incentives and Rewards
   (b) Valance of Reward
   (c) Performance appraisals
   (d) Quality Support and Facilitation

1. Physical wellbeing
2. Psychological wellbeing
3. Performance achievement
4. Status and Power (assertive achievements)

• Meaning and Definition of Exercise Adherence

1. Overcoming Social Physique Anxiety
2. Reduced risk of disease
3. Recreation
4. Mental Relaxation
5. Socialization

1. Health Benefits
   (a) Reduces risk of Cardiovascular Disease
   (b) Weight Management
   (c) Strengthens Bones and Muscles
   (d) Reduces risk of some Cancers
   (e) Reduces risk of Falls
2. Provides Stress Relief
3. Increases Happiness
4. Promotes Self-Efficacy
5. Promotes Social Cohesion
6. Enhances Value Orientation
7. Cognitive Benefits
   (a) Attention Control
   (b) Improves Memory
8. Mental Health Benefits
   (a) Exercise as therapy for emotional disorder
   (b) Fitness as moderator of life stress
   (c) Runners High
   
9. Psychological Well-being
10. Personality Enhancement
11. Develops Leadership Qualities
12. Special Population
    (a) Clinical Population
    (b) Elderly Population

1. Goal setting
2. Adding variety to exercise
3. Social support enhancement
4. Contract
5. Reinforcement Interventions
6. Feedback
7. Process Orientation
8. Problem Solving
9. Health Risk Appraisals
10. Health Education

• Aggression - Meaning and definition
• Reactive and Proactive aggressive behaviour
• Important features of Aggression:
  (1) Aggression is a behaviour that can be seen.
  (2) Aggression is intentional.
  (3) The victim wants to avoid the harm.
• Gill's criterion for determining whether an action is aggressive in sports.

1. Hostile Aggression
2. Instrumental Aggression
3. Development of Relational Aggression - Physical Aggression and Relational Aggression

1. Social acceptable discharge medium
2. Positive Reinforcement
3. Negative Reinforcement
4. Modelling
5. Training and role playing
6. External Cues

• How to practice imagery
• Benefits of imagery

• Self talk
• Types of self talk
  (1) Task-specific statements relating to technique
  (2) Encouragement and effort
  (3) Mood words
• Benefits of Self Talk
  (1) Building and developing self-efficacy
  (2) Skill acquisition
  (3) Creating and changing mood
  (4) Controlling effort
  (5) Focusing attention or concentration

• Goal Setting
• Types of goals
  (1) Outcome Goal
  (2) Performance Goal
  (3) Process Goal
• Principles of Goal Setting
• Characteristic of effective goal 
  (1) Measurable goal
  (2) Action-Oriented Goals
  (3) Realistic goals
  (4) Timely
• Benefits of Goal Setting

• Importance of Talent identification
  
• Components of Talent Identification:
  (1) Physiological attributes
  (2) Physical attributes
  (3) Psychological attributes
  (4) Technical/Tactical attributes
  (5) Results
  (6) Intangibles

1. Talent Detection
2. Talent Identification
3. Talent Development
4. Talent Selection
5. Talent Transfer

1. Micro Cycle
2. Meso Cycle
3. Macro Cycle

• Meaning and definition of strength
• Classification of strength
  (1) Static strength (Isometric strength) 
  (2) Dynamic strength (Isotonic strength) - maximum, explosive, and strength endurance

1. Isometric Exercise
2. Isotonic Exercise
3. Isokinetic Exercise

• Meaning and Definition of Endurance

1. Classification according to the nature of the activity:
   (1) Basic Endurance
   (2) General Endurance
   (3) Specific Endurance
2. Classification according to the Duration of the Activity:
   (1) Speed Endurance
   (2) Short Term Endurance
   (3) Medium Time Endurance
   (4) Long Time Endurance

1. Continuous Method
   (a) Slow Continuous Method
   (b) Fast Continuous Method
   (c) Variable Pace Method
   (d) Fartlek Method
2. Interval Method
3. Repetition Method

• Meaning and Definition of sports
• Types of speed 
  (1) Reaction Ability
  (2) Acceleration Ability
  (3) Movement Speed
  (4) Locomotor Ability
  (5) Speed Endurance

1. Acceleration Runs
2. Pace Runs

1. Passive Flexibility
2. Active Flexibility − (a) Static Flexibility (b) Dynamic Flexibility
3. General and Specific Flexibility

1. Slow Stretching
2. Slow Stretch and Hold - Static stretching and Dynamic stretching
3. Ballistic Method
4. Proprioceptive Neuro-Muscular Facilitation (PNF) Technique

• Meaning and definition of coordinative ability
• Types of Coordinative Ability
  1) Orientation Ability
  2) Differentiation Ability
  3) Coupling Ability
  4) Rhythm Ability
  5) Reaction Ability
  6) Adaptation Ability
  7) Balance Ability