Commerce HSC Commerce Class 12 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2024-25

• Meaning and Features of Management
• Body of Knowledge
• Management Tools
• Separate Discipline
• Specialisation
• Code of Conduct
• Professional Association

• Drucker stresses three jobs of management

1. Managing a business
2. Managing manager
3. Managing workers and work

• Management is an Art or Science

• There are twin purposes of the management process

1. Management is Co-Ordination
2. Management is a Process
3. Management is a Purposive Process
4. Management is a Social Process
5. Management is a Cyclical Process

• Science, Not Rule of Thumb
• Harmony, Not Discord
• Mental Revolution
• Cooperation, Not Individualism
• Division of Responsibility
• Development of employer and employees for greater efficiency and maximum prosperity

• Division of Work
• Authority and Responsibility
• Discipline
• Unity of Command
• Unity of Direction:
• Subordination of Individual Interest to Mutual Interest
• Remuneration
• The Degree of Centralization
• Line of Authority/Scalar Chain
• Order
• Equity
• Stability of tensure of Personnel
• Initiative
• Esprit de Corps/Team Spirit

• Planning 
• Organising
• Staffing
• Directing
• Controlling 
• Co-ordination
• Motivating

• Innovation
• Representation
• Decision-making
• Communication

• Defining Organisational Objectives
• Goals of Each Section
• Fixing Key Result Areas
• Setting Subordinate Objectives or Targets
• Matching Resources with Objective
• Periodical Review Meetings
• Appraisal of Activities
• Reappraisal of Objectives

• capital market
• money market
• On the Basis of Type of Financial Claim
• On the Basis of Maturity of Financial Claim
• On the Basis of Time of Issue of Financial Claim
• On the Basis of Timing of Delivery of Financial Claim
• On the Basis of the Organizational Structure of the Financial Market

• Savings Mobilization
• Investment
• National Growth
• Entrepreneurship Growth
• Industrial Development

• Intermediary Functions

1. Transfer of Resources
2. Productive usage
3. Enhancing Income
4. Capital Formation
5. Price determination
6. Sale Mechanism
7. Mobilizing Funds
8. Liquidity
9. Easy access
10. Industrial development

• Financial Functions

• Classification of Financial Assets
• Marketable Assets
• Non-Marketable Assets

• Securities Market
• Price
• Participants
• Location 
• Market for Financial Assets

• Primary Market

1. Public Issue
2. Rights Issue
3. Private Placement

• Secondary Market

• Savings and Capital Formation
• Permanent Capital
• Industrial Growth
• Ready and Continuous Market
• Reliable Guide to Performance
• Proper Channelizationof Funds
• Provision of Variety of Services
• Development of Backward Areas
• Foreign Capital 
• Easy Liquidity

• Venture Fund Institutions
• Mutual Funds
• Factoring Institutions
• Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI)
• National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSEI)
• National Clearance and Depository System (NCDS)
• National Securities Depositories Limited
• Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)
• Foreign Exchange Market

1. Commodity Market
2. Derivatives Market

Money Market - Money Market Instruments

• Objectives 
• Characteristics

• Treasury Bills
• Certificate of Deposits
• Commercial Bills
• Government or Gilt-Edged Securities Market

• Origin, Meaning and Definition
• Functions of Stock Exchange
• Trading Procedure of Stock Exchange

1. Mobilisation of Savings
2. Capital formation
3. Pricing of Securities
4. Economic Barometer
5. Protecting Interest of Investors
6. Liquidity
7. Better Allocation of Capital
8. Contributes to Economic Growth
9. Providing Scope for Speculation
10. Promotes the Habit of Savings and Investment

• Benefits of Stock Exchange 

1. Benefits to the Community
2. Benefits to the Company
3. Benefits to Investors

• Limitations of Stock Exchange

• Bull
• Bear
• Stag
• Lame Duck

• National Stock Market System (NSMS)

1. National Stock Exchange (NSE)
2. Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)
3. National Clearing and Depository System (NCDS)
4. Securities Trading Corporation of India (STCI)
5. National Securities Depositary Limited (NSDL)

• Regulation of Stock Exchanges
• Protection to the Investors
• Checking the Insider Trading
• Control over Brokers

• Powers Relating to Stock Exchanges & Intermediaries
• Power to Impose Monetary Penalties
• Power to Initiate Actions in Functions Assigned
• Power to Regulate Insider Trading
• Powers Under Securities Contracts Act
• Power to Regulate Business of Stock Exchanges

• What is Demat Account?
• How to Open a Demat Account?
• What are the documents required for a Demat Account?

• Introduction
• Meaning
• Definition

• Managerial function
• Operative function 

• Meaning of Recruitment
• Definiton of Recruitment
• Reasons Behind Recruitment

• Meaning and sources of staffing

• Sources of recruitment

1. Internal sources (promotion, transfer, ex-employees, recommendation by employees)
2. External sources (advertisements, campus recruitment, casual callers, gate hiring, employment exchanges, placement agencies, labour contractors, Direct, Indirect)

• Application Blank
• Scrutinizing the Applications
• Selection Test

1. Ability Test
2. Personality Test

• Nature of Post
• Number of Candidates
• Selection Policy
• Cost factor / Budget
• Level of Educational Qualification and Experience and Exposure

• Good Talent
• Better Efficiency
• Reduced Cost of Training and Development
• Reduced Turnover
• Job Motivation
• Other Benefits

• Job First, Man Next
• Job Offer
• Terms and conditions
• Aware about the Penalties
• Loyalty and Co-operation

• Improved Quality of Work 
• Enhance Employee Growth
• Prevention of Obsolence
• Enlightening New Recruits
• Improved Safety Measures
• Motivating Employees
• Higher Productivity and Profits 
• Cost Reduction
• Reduced Supervision
• Better Adaptability

• Whom to Train?
• Who is the Trainee?
• Who are Trainers?
• What Method will be used for Training?
• What should be Level the Training?
• Where to Conduct the Training Programme?

• on the job
• off the job
• Induction training
• vestibule training
• apprenticeship training
• internship training
• Classroom training
• Distinction between on the job and off the job training

• Benefits to the Organization
• Benefits to the Employees
• Benefits of Customer

• On the basis of place
• On the basis of Time
• On the Basis of Competition

• Meaning of marketer
• Definition of marketer

• Instigator
• Innovator
• Integrator 
• Implementer 

• Introduction
• Meaning
• Definition
• Features of Marketing

• Barter System
• Production Orientation
• Sales Orientation
• Marketing Orientation
• Consumer Orientation
• Management Orientation

• Importance of Marketing to the Society
• Importance of Marketing to the Firm
• Importance of Marketing to the Consumers

1. Marketing Research
2. Buying and Assembling
3. Market Planning
4. Product Development
5. Standardisation and Grading
6. Packaging and Labelling
7. Branding
8. Customer Support Service
9. Pricing of Product
10. Promotional Channels
11. Distribution
12. Transportation
13. Warehousing

• Benefits from Marketing Mix
• Marketing Mix Variables

• Product Mix
• Place or Physical Distribution

1. Channels of Distribution
2. Factors Determining the Choice of Channel

• Promotion Mix
• Price Mix

• Factors Affecting Marketing Mix

• Meaning, features, objectives and differences of Advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and publicity.

• Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)
• E-Business
• E-Commerce Vs E-Business

• E-Marketing - Definition
• Objectives of E-Marketing
• Advantages of E-Marketing
• Disadvantages of E-Marketing
• E-Market Vs Traditional Market

• Introduction
• Meaning
• Definition

• Selling at Higher Price
• Adulteration
• Duplicate or Spurious goods
• Artificial Scarcity
• Sub-standard
• Product Risk
• Warranty and Services
• Unsuitability of Products
• False Advertisements

• Concept of Consumerism

• Origin
• Evolution of Consumerism
• Growth

• Meanng and Features of Consumer Protection
• Importance of Consumer Protection
• Rights and Responsibilities of Consumers

• Role of Business
• Role of Government
• Role of Consumers

1. Activation of Consumer Action Councils
2. United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection
3. Objectives of United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection

• Salient features of The Indian Consumer Protection Act, 1986
• Importance of Consumer Protection
• Objectives of the Consumer Protection Act 1986

• Caveat Emptor in Practice

• Right to Safety
• Right to Information
• Right to Choose
• Right to be heard
• Right to Consumer Education
• Right to Represent
• Right to Redress
• Right to Healthy Environment
• Right to protect from unfair business practices
• Right against spurious goods

• Buying Quality Products at Reasonable Price
• Ensure the Weights and Measurement before Making Purchases
• Reading the Label Carefully
• Beware of False and Attractive Advertisements
• Misleading Schemes
• Ensuring the Receipt of Cash Bill
• Buying from Reputed Shops
• Never Purchase from Black Market
• Buying Standardized Products
• Follow the Instruction of the Manufacturer
• Knowledge of Consumer Rights

• Consumer should use his rights
• Cautious consumer
• Filing of complaint
• Quality conscious
• Beware from exaggerated advertisement
• Demand of Invoice and Guarantee, Warranty Card
• Pre-planned buying
• Organised Efforts

• Members
• Jurisdiction 
• Powers
• Appellate Forum

• Accelerating Consumer Awareness/Educating Consumers
• Steps involved in filing Complaint in Consumer Court
• Who can make complaint?
• When the complaints can be made?
• How to register the complaints?
• What are the particulars that should be furnished along with the complaint?
• Relief to the Consumers
• What is the appeal provision?

• Internal Environment
• External Environment
• Micro Environment
• Macro Environment

• Meaning of Corporate Governance
• Definitions
• Benefits of Corporate Governance

• Forms of Liberalization

• Essential Elements of a Contract of Sale

1. Two Parties
2. Transfer of Property
3. Goods
4. Price
5. Includes both ‘Sale’ and ‘Agreement to Sell’

• Existing Goods
• Future Goods
• Contingent Goods

• Passing of Property

1. Specific Goods
2. Unascertained Goods
3. Goods Sent ‘On Approval’ or ‘On Sale or Return’ Basis

• Implied Conditions

1. Conditions as to Title
2. Conditions as to Description
3. Sale by Sample
4. Conditions as to Quality or Fitness
5. Conditions as to Merchantability
6. Condition as to Wholesomeness
7. Condition Implied by Trade Usage

• Implied Warranties

1. Quiet Possession
2. Free from Any Encumbrances
3. Warranty in the case of Dangerous Goods

• Unpaid Seller - Meaning

• Right of Lien is Lost
• Termination of Right of Stoppage

• Negotiable Instruments– Meaning, Characteristics, Assumptions
• Characteristics of a Negotiable Instrument

1. Transferability
2. Title of the holder free from all defects
3. Right of the transferee to sue

• Difference between Negotiability and Assignability

• Bill of Exchange – Definition
• Characteristics of a Bill of Exchange
• Cheque - Definition
• Features of a Cheque
• Difference between a Bill of Exchange and a Cheque
• Promissory Note
• Characteristics of a Promissory Note
• Distinction between a Cheque and Promissory note
• Distinction between a Bills of Exchange and Promissory note

• Crossing is of two types 

1. General Crossing
2. Special Crossing

• Types of Crossing
• Significance of General Crossing
• Significance of Special Crossing
• Not Negotiable Crossing
• Account Payee Crossing
• Payee’s Position when Crossing is obliterated

• Requisites of a Valid Endorsement
• Kinds of Endorsements

• Introduction
• History
• Definition
• Concept

1. Entrepreneur as a Risk Bearer
2. Entrepreneur as an Organiser
3. Entrepreneur as an Innovator

• Characteristics of Entrepreneurship
• Competencies of Entrepreneurship
• Concept of Entrepreneur

• Innovation
• Economic activity
• Organization Building
• Creative activity
• Managerial skill and leadership
• Skillful management
• Risk Bearing
• Gap filling function
• Spirit of Enterprise
• Self Confidence
• Flexibility
• Resource Mobilisation
• Hard work
• Leadership
• Foresight
• Analytical Ability
• Decision Making

• Innovation 
• Contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• Balanced Regional Development
• Export Promotion
• Full utilisation of Latent Resource
• Reduction of Concentration of Economic Power in Few hands
• Better Standard of Living

• Intrapreneur
• Differences between Entrepreneur and Intrapreneur
• Difference between ‘Entrepreneur’ Vs.‘Manager’

• Definition
• Opportunities Based on Business
• Financial Opportunities
• Non-Financial support
• Opportunities Created by Associations
• Opportunities Created by Government
• Opportunities Created through Training Programme
• Consortium of Women Entrepreneurs of India (CWEI)
• Challenges of Women Entrepreneurs

1. Problem of Finance
2. Limited Mobility 
3. Lack of Education
4. Lack of Network Support
5. Stiff Competition
6. Sensitivity
7. Lack of Information
8. Dependent culture

1. Promotional Functions
2. Managerial Functions
3. Commercial Functions

• Innovating Entrepreneur
• Imitative Entrepreneur
• Fabian Entrepreneur
• Drone Entrepreneur

• Business Entrepreneur 
• Trading Entrepreneur
• Industrial Entrepreneur
• Corporate Entrepreneur
• Agricultural Entrepreneur
• Retail Entrepreneurs
• Service Entrepreneurs

• Technical Entrepreneur
• Non-technical Entrepreneur
• Professional Entrepreneur

• Pure Entrepreneur
• Induced Entrepreneur
• Motivated Entrepreneur 
• Spontaneous Entrepreneur 

• First Generation Entrepreneur
• Modern Entrepreneur
• Classical Entrepreneur

• Urban Entrepreneur
• Rural Entrepreneur

• Private Entrepreneur
• State Entrepreneurship
• Joint Entrepreneurship

• Startup India
• Make in India
• Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)
•  Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)
• Jan Dhan-Aadhaar - Mobile (JAM)
• Digital India
• Stand-Up India
• Trade related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD)
• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
• National Skill Development Mission
• Science for Equity Empowerment and Development (SEED)

• Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (M-SIPS)
• New Gen Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Centre(New Gen IEDC)
• Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme
• Single Point Registration Scheme (SPRS)
• Atal Incubation Centres (AIC)

• Selection of the product
• Selection of form of ownership
• Selection of Site
• Designing Capital Structure
• Acquisition of Manufacturing know-how
• Preparation of project report

• Definition
• Characteristics
• Advantages 
• Disadvantages 

• Meaning and Definition
• Types of Shares
• Treatment of share capital in Company Balance Sheet (Horizontal Form)
• Kinds of Share Capital 

1. Equity Share Capital
2. Preference Share Capital

• Kinds of Preference shares
• Tenure of Preference Shares

• Issue of shares at Par
• Issue of Shares at Premium
• Issue of Securities at Discount
• Sweat Equity Shares
• Bonus Shares
• Right Shares

• COMPOSITION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
• Executive Director
• Non - Executive Director 
• Difference Between Executive and Non-Executive Director

• Minimum Number of Directors

1. Public Company
2. Private company 

• Maximum Number of Directors
• Number of directorships

• Directors as Managing Partners
• Directors as trustees
• Directors as employees
• Directors as officers

• General provisions relating to appointment of directors
• First Director

• A director can be removed from his office in any of the following three ways

1. Removal by shareholders 169
2. Removal by the Central Government
3. Removal by the Company Law Board 

• Managerial Remuneration 
• Forms of Managerial Remuneration

• Statutory Powers of Directors
• Managerial Powers of Directors
• Powers only with a resolution
• Other Powers

• Collective Duties of Directors
• General duties of Directors
• Specific Duties of Directors

• Liability to outsiders
• Liability to company
• Criminal liabilities of directors

• Statutory Qualifications
• Other Qualifications

• Statutory Functions
• Non-Statutory Functions

1. Functions in Relation to Directors
2. Functions in Relation to Shareholders
3. Functions in Relation to Office and Staff

• Shareholders Meetings 
• Meeting of the Directors
• Special Meeting 

• Kinds of Resolution

1. Ordinary Resolution
2. Special Resolution 

• Procedures of Voting

1. Open Procedure
2. Secret Procedure