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Question
Answer in one sentence only.
As per which principle of accounting, closing stock is valued at cost price or at market price whichever is less?
Solution
As per the conservatism principle of accounting, the closing stock is valued at cost price or at market price whichever is less.
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RELATED QUESTIONS
Write the word/phrase/term, which can substitute the following sentence.
Credit balance of Profit and Loss Account.
From the following Trading Balance of M/s Ajay and Vijay you are required to prepared Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2009 and Balance Sheet as on that date
Trial Balance as on 31st March , 2009
Particulars | Debit Amount Rs. | Credit Amount Rs. |
Capital A/c's Ajay Vijay |
60000 35000 |
|
Purchases and Sales | 46,700 | 85,000 |
Sundry Debtors and Creditors | 28000 | 25000 |
Bills Receivable and payable | 5000 | 6000 |
Commission | 4600 | 1800 |
Opening stock | 18000 | |
Wages | 9900 | |
Investment | 13500 | |
Postage and Telegrams | 3600 | |
Insurance | 1200 | |
Plant and Machinery | 40700 | |
Furniture | 18000 | |
Cash in hand | 2500 | |
Carriage | 3200 | |
Bad debts | 400 | |
Prepaid Rent | 7000 | |
Salaries | 10500 |
Adjustments:
1) The closing stock is valued at Rs 31,000.
2) Outstanding expenses were wages Rs. 1,400, salaries Rs 800.
3) Depreciate Plant and Machinery by 10%.
4) Insurance at Rs 500 is paid in advance.
5) Provide for further bad debts of Rs 1,500.
6) Commission due but not received Rs 1,200.
Rohan and Roshan are partners in ‘Shan Traders’ sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 2:1. From the following Trial Balance and adjustments prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2011 and Balance Sheet as on that date
Trial Balance as on 31st March, 2011 | |||
Particulars | Amount (₹) | Particulars | Amount (₹) |
Opening stock | 32,000 | Sales | 1,93,500 |
Purchases | 64,000 | Sundry Creditors | 15,000 |
Plant and Machinery | 30,000 | Unpaid Wages | 1,500 |
Furniture | 18,500 | Return outward | 2,500 |
Carriage | 1,500 | Capital A/c: | |
Wages and Salaries | 35,000 | Rohan | 90,000 |
Bills Receivable | 5,000 | Roshan | 50,000 |
Sundry Debtors | 32,000 | ||
Conveyance | 4,000 | ||
Rent, Rates and Taxes | 2,000 | ||
Return Inward | 3,500 | ||
Cash in hand | 14,750 | ||
Land and Building | 83,500 | ||
Bad debts | 1,750 | ||
Patents | 25,000 | ||
3,52,500 | 3,52,500 |
Adjustments:
- Closing stock: Cost price Rs 25,000 and market price Rs 30,000.
- An amount of Rs 3,500 spent for repairs to Building is debited to Building account.
- Depreciate plant and Machinery and Building at 5% p.a.
- Goods of Rs 750 taken by Roshan for this personal use.
- Included in wages advances given to workers Rs 3,000.
- Provide Rs 1,500 for bad and doubtful debts on Debtors.
From the following Trial Balance of M/s Mahesh and Umesh, you are required to prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2013 and Balance Sheet as on that date. Profit sharing ratio of Mahesh and Umesh was 3/5th and 2/5th respectively.
Trial Balance as on 31st March, 2013 | |||
Debit Balance | Amount (₹) | Credit Balance | Amount (₹) |
Investments | 56,000 | Capital A/c: | |
Carriage | 7,000 | Mahesh | 1,62,000 |
Loose Tools | 17,000 | Umesh | 1,08,000 |
Building | 1,50,000 | Current A/c: | |
Salary | 13,000 | Mahesh | 16,200 |
Audit fees | 8,500 | Umesh | 10,800 |
Opening stock | 83,000 | Sundry Creditors | 99,000 |
Wages | 7,500 | Sales | 4,20,000 |
Purchases | 1,97,000 | Bank Overdraft | 56,400 |
Motive Power | 15,000 | ||
Bad Debts | 6,400 | ||
Printing and Stationery
|
4000 | ||
Debtors | 96,000 | ||
Cash at Bank | 52,000 | ||
Machinery | 72,000 | ||
Motor Van | 88,000 | ||
8,72,400 | 8,72,400 |
Adjustments:
1) Stock on hand on 31st March, 2013 was valued at Rs 76,000.
2) Interest on partner’s capital at 5% p.a. was allowed.
3) Goods worth Rs 2,000 and Rs 1,500 withdrawn by Mahesh and Umesh respectively for their personal use.
4) Mahesh is entitled to get salary of Rs 6,500 and Umesh is to be given 20% commission on sales.
5) Rs. 2,500 due from customer is not recoverable.
6) Depreciate Motor Van at 8% p.a. and Building at 7% p.a.
Mohini and Rohini are in partnership firm sharing profits and losses equally. From the following Trial Balance and adjustments given below, you are required to prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2010 and Balance Sheet as on that date.
Trial Balance as on 31st March, 2010
Particulars | Debit Amount Rs. | Credit Amount Rs |
Partner’s Capital A/c- | ||
Mohini | 120000 | |
Rohini | 90000 | |
Purchases and Sales | 220000 | 430000 |
Sundry Debtors and Creditors | 45000 | 35000 |
Bills Receivable and Bills Payable | 45000 | 50000 |
Discount | 4000 | 3500 |
Opening stock | 25000 | |
Wages and Salaries | 23000 | |
Manufacturing Expenses | 9,000 | |
Factory Insurances |
5,000 |
|
Factory Building | 1,40,000 | |
Plant and Machinery |
75,000 |
|
Advertisement (for 2years w.e.f. 1st Jan. 2010) | 10,000 | |
Salaries and Wages |
45,000 |
|
Warehouse rent |
6,000 |
|
Import duty |
11,500 |
|
Cash in hand | 5,000 | |
10% Government Bond (Purchased on 1st July 2009) | 60000 | |
728500 | 728500 |
Adjustments:
1) Closing stock was valued at market price Rs 92,000 which is 15% above its cost price.
2) Goods costing Rs 3,000 purchased and received on 31st March, 2010 were not recorded in purchase book.
3) Depreciate Machinery at 10% p.a.
4) Outstanding Wages were Rs 2,500.
5) Goods of Rs 2,000 were taken by Mohini for personal use but no entry was made in the books of account.
6) Maintain R.D.D at 5% on Sundry Debtors.
Write the word/phrase/term, which can substitute the following sentence.
The account to which all adjustments are made when capital is fixed.
Write the word/phrase/term, which can substitute the following sentence.
The accounts that are prepared at the end of each accounting year.
Write the word/phrase/term, which can substitute the following sentence.
An asset which can be converted into cash easily.
Write the word/phrase/term, which can substitute the following sentence.
Order in which fixed assets are recorded first in the Balance Sheet.
State whether the following statement is True or False with reasons.
Carriage inward is a carriage on purchase.
State whether the following statement is True or False with reasons.
Balance Sheet is an Account.
State whether the following statement is True or False with reasons.
Wages paid for the installation of Machinery is a Revenue expenditure.
State whether the following statement is True or False with reasons.
Income received in advance is a liability.
State whether the following statement is True or False with reasons.
R.D.D. is created on Creditors.
Find odd one.
The withdrawal by partner for personal use from the firm is ________ to his account.
Cash receipts which are recurring in nature are called as__________ Receipts.
Assets which are held in the business for a long period are called ______.
Trading Account is prepared on the basis of ______ expenses.
When goods are distributed as free samples, it is treated as ___________of the business.
Answer in one sentence only.
Why partners capital is treated as long-term liability of business?
Current account always shows a debit balance.
Do you agree/disagree with the following statement:
Amount borrowed by partner from his business will be debited to Current Account.
Do you agree/disagree with the following statement:
Carriage Inward is a selling and distribution overhead.
Do you agree/disagree with the following statement:
All financial expenditures are debited to profit and loss account.
Undervaluation of Closing Stock by 10%. Closing Stock was ₹30,000 find out the value of Closing Stock.
Calculate 12.5 % P.A. depreciation on Furniture :
(a) on ₹ 2,20,000 for 1 year
(b) on ₹ 10,000 for 6 months
From the following Trial Balance and adjustments given below of Reena and Aarti, you are required to prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March 2019 and Balance Sheet as on that date.
Trial Balance as on 31st March 2019
Debit Balance | Amount ₹ | Credit Balance | Amount ₹ |
Purchases | 35,500 | Sales | 58,200 |
Sundry Debtors | 40,000 | Sundry Creditors | 25,700 |
Sales Returns | 1,000 | Purchases Returns | 500 |
Opening Stock | 18,100 | R.D.D | 800 |
Bad debts | 500 | Discount | 50 |
Land and Building | 25,000 | Commission | 250 |
Furniture | 20,000 | Capital: | |
Discount | 1,000 | Reena | 50,000 |
Royalties | 700 | Aarti | 30,000 |
Rent | 1,900 | ||
Salaries | 3,000 | ||
Wages | 800 | ||
Insurance | 1,500 | ||
Drawings: | |||
Reena | 2,000 | ||
Aarti | 1,000 | ||
Cash at Bank | 11,500 | ||
Cash in Hand | 2,000 | ||
1,65,500 | 1,65,500 |
Adjustments :
- Closing Stock valued at ₹ 22,000.
- Write off ₹ 900 for Bad and doubtful debts and create a provision for Reserve for doubtful debts ₹ 1,000.
- Create a provision for Discount on Debtors @ 3% and creditors @ 5%.
- Outstanding Expenses - Wages ₹ 700 and Salaries ₹ 800.
- Insurance is paid for 15 months, w.e.f. 1st April 2018
- Depreciate Land and Building @ 5%
- Reena & Aarti are Sharing Profits & Losses in their Capital Ratio.
Sucheta and Gayatri are Partners sharing Profit and Loss in the ratio 3:2. From the following Trial Balance and additional information, you are required to prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March 2019 and Balance Sheet as of that date.
Trial Balance as on 31st March 2019
Particulars | Debit ₹ | Credit ₹ |
Purchases and Sales | 65,000 | 1,85,500 |
Works Manager's Salary | 2,300 | |
Capital: | ||
- Sucheta | 75,000 | |
- Gayatri | 40,000 | |
Opening Stock | 18,700 | |
Debtors and Creditors | 47,500 | 35,000 |
Wages and Salaries | 4,000 | |
Bills Receivable | 22,000 | |
Bills Payable | 27,300 | |
Discount | 400 | |
Motive Power | 1,350 | |
Custom duty | 1,500 | |
Interest | 1,300 | |
Unproductive Wages | 3,000 | |
Audit fees | 2,500 | |
Rent | 1,800 | |
Conveyance | 2,000 | |
Goodwill | 25,000 | |
Copyrights | 20,000 | |
Building | 88,000 | |
Partner (Sucheta's) Loan | 6,150 | |
Investments | 40,000 | |
Cash at Bank | 26,000 | |
3,70,650 | 3,70,650 |
Adjustments:
- Stock on 31st March 2019 was valued at ₹ 19,700.
- Goods costing ₹ 3,000 distributed as a free sample.
- Motive Power includes ₹ 500 paid for the deposit of the Power Meter.
- Depreciate Building @ 5%.
- Write of ₹ 2,000 for Bad debts and maintain R.D.D at 3% on Debtors.
- Bills Receivable included dishonored of Bill of ₹ 4,000.
Archana and Prerana are partners, sharing Profits and Losses in the ratio 2: 1 with the help of following Trial Balance and Adjustments given below. You are required to prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March 2019 and Balance Sheet as on that date.
Trial Balance as on 31st March 2019
Debit Balance |
Amount ₹ |
Credit Balance |
Amount ₹ |
Stock (1/4/2018) |
8,560 |
Capital: |
|
Patents |
2,000 |
Archana |
40,000 |
Sundry Debtors |
18,500 |
Prerana |
20,000 |
Stock of Stationary |
3,000 |
Other Loans |
3,000 |
Trade Mark |
2,000 |
Reserve fund |
1,000 |
Bills Receivable |
6,300 |
Sundry Creditors |
17,500 |
Electricity charges |
1,450 |
Bills Payable |
5,000 |
Wages |
950 |
Purchase Return |
1,000 |
Heating & Lighting |
1,000 |
R.D.D |
500 |
Trade Expenses |
850 |
Sales |
30,200 |
Sales Return |
400 |
Interest |
310 |
Land & Building |
22,000 |
||
Furniture |
13,000 |
||
Cash at Bank |
5,000 |
||
Investments |
7,500 |
||
Drawings : |
|||
Archana |
1,200 |
||
Prerana |
900 |
||
Bad debts |
200 |
||
Purchases |
23,700 |
||
1,18,510 |
1,18,510 |
Adjustments:
1) Stock on 31st March 2019 is valued at Cost Price ₹ 12,000 and Market Price ₹ 17,000.
2) Our customer Mr. Shekhar failed to pay his dues of ₹ 800.
3) 1/8th of Patents are to be written off.
4) A part of Furniture ₹ 5,000 is purchased on 1st Oct 2018.
5) Depreciation on Land & Building 10% and on Furniture 5%.
6) Outstanding Expenses Wages ₹ 300 and Electricity Charges ₹ 200.
7) Allow Interest on Capital 3%.
Nana and Nani are Partners in Partnership Firm sharing Profits and Losses equally. You are required to give effects of Adjustments in Profit & Loss A/c and Balance Sheet with the help of the following information.
Trial Balance as on 31st March 2019
Debit Balance | Amount ₹ | Credit Balance | Amount ₹ |
Insurance | 15,000 | Capital A/c | |
Land and building | 50,000 | Nana | 50,000 |
(Addition of 20,000 w.e.f 1st July 2018) | Nani | 50,000 | |
Salaries | 5,000 | 10% Bank loan taken on 1st Oct. 2018 | 30,000 |
Export Duty | 2,500 | Interest | 1,500 |
Interest | 1,000 | Bills Payable | 8,000 |
Furniture | 40,000 | ||
Debtors | 26,000 | ||
1,39,500 | 1,39,500 |
Adjustments :
1) Gross profit amounted to ₹ 34,500.
2) Insurance Paid for 15 months w.e.f. 1. 4. 2018.
3) Depreciate Land and Building at 10% p.a. and Furniture at 5% p.a.
4) Write off ₹ 1,000 for Bad Debts and maintain R.D.D at 5% on Sundry Debtors.
5) Closing Stock is valued at ₹ 34,500.
Sun and Moon are Partners in Partnership Firm sharing Profits and Losses equally. You are required to give the effects of Adjustments with the help of the following information.
Trial Balance as on 31st March 2019
Debit Balance |
Amount ₹ |
Credit Balance |
Amount ₹ |
Land & Building |
40,000 |
Capital A/C |
|
Furniture |
18,000 |
Sun |
33,500 |
Machinery |
40,000 |
Moon |
33,500 |
(Purchased on 1/7/18) |
Current A/c: Sun |
6,000 |
|
Goodwill |
2,000 |
Sundry Creditors |
25,000 |
Wages |
2,000 |
Bank Overdraft |
10,000 |
Current A/c: Moon |
4,000 |
Reserve Fund |
5,000 |
8% Debentures |
8,000 |
Providend Fund |
5,000 |
(Purchased on 1/10/18) |
|||
Providend Fund Investment |
3,500 |
||
Stock of Postal stamps |
500 |
||
1,18,000 |
1,18,000 |
Adjustments:
1) Partners are entitled to get salary ₹ 6,000 p.a. in addition to their profit & loss sharing.
2) Depreciation on Land & Building, Furniture & Machinery @10%, 5% and 3% respectively.
3) Interest on Capital 5% p.a.
4) Closing Stock ₹ 60,743.
5) Wages included ₹ 1,000 as advance is given to workers.
6) Interest due but not paid ₹ 800.
7) Total Net Profit amounted to ₹ 38,113.
Find out Gross profit/Gross loss Purchases ₹ 30,000, Sales ₹ 15,000, Carriage Inward ₹ 2,400, Opening Stock ₹ 10,000, Purchase Returns ₹ 1,000, Closing Stock ₹ 36,000.
Returns outward are deducted from ______.
Kranti & Sumangala are Partners sharing Profits and Losses in their Capital ratio. From the Trial Balance given below and Adjustments, you are required to prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2019 and Balance Sheet as of that date.
Trial Balance as on 31st March, 2019 | |||
Debit Balance | Amount (₹) | Credit Balance | Amount (₹) |
Stock (1/4/2018) | 32,500 | Capital: | |
Purchases | 40,000 | Kranti | 1,20,000 |
Sundry Debtors | 1,00,000 | Sumangala | 40,000 |
Bills Receivable | 8,500 | Sales | 60,000 |
Wages | 3,000 | Sundry Creditors | 30,000 |
Investment | 32,000 | Bills Payable | 15,000 |
Postage | 2,700 | Commission | 325 |
Insurance | 7,500 | Purchases Returns | 1,000 |
Plant & Machinery | 15,000 | ||
Salaries | 4,850 | ||
Prepaid Rent | 2,000 | ||
Bad-debts | 500 | ||
Furniture | 12,500 | ||
Cash in Hand | 3,775 | ||
Sales Return | 1,500 | ||
2,66,325 | 2,66,325 |
Adjustments:
- Closing Stock is valued at Cost Price ₹ 28,000 and Market Price ₹ 32,000.
- Insurance is paid up to 30th June 2019.
- Outstanding Expenses - Wages ₹ 800, Salaries ₹ 700.
- Book value of Plant and Machinery is reduced to ₹ 13,000.
- Depreciate Furniture by 5% p.a.
- Provide further Bad debts of ₹ 800.
- Goods of ₹ 3,000 distributed as a free sample.
Varsha and Harsha are partners sharing profits and losses in their capital ratio. You are required to prepare Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 31st March, 2020 and Balance sheet as on that date:
Trial Balance as on 31st March, 2020 | |||
Debit Balance | Amount ₹ | Credit Balance | Amount ₹ |
sundry Debtors | 56,000 | Sales | 2,40,000 |
Purchases | 1,10,000 | Sundry Creditors | 99,600 |
Plant & machinery | 1,60,000 | Purchases Return | 2,000 |
Furniture | 1,05,800 | Capital accounts | |
Salaries | 8,600 | Varsha | 1,80,000 |
Sales return | 1,000 | Harsh | 60,000 |
Cash in hand | 1,02,000 | Current Accounts: | |
Opening stock | 35,600 | Varsha | 10,000 |
Rent, Rates & Taxes | 9,000 | Harsha | 6,000 |
Advertisement | 9,600 | ||
5,97,600 | 5,97,600 |
Adjustments:
- Stock on 31st March, 2020 was valued at ₹ 74,000.
- Depreciation on Plant and Machinery @ 5% p.a.
- Partners are entitled to get Interest on Capital at 5% p.a.
- Outstanding expenses: Salaries ₹ 700.
- Provide further Bad debts of ₹ 1,680 on Sundry debtors.
Write the word/phrase/term, which can substitute the following sentences.
The account in which selling expenses of the business are recorded.
Find odd one.
Find odd one
Find odd one.
Find odd one.
Find the odd one:
From the following Trial Balance and Adjustments of Rushabh and Yesha, you are required to prepare final accounts as on 31st March, 2023. Profit and Loss sharing ratio of partners is their capital ratio.
Trial Balance as on 31st March, 2023 | ||
Particulars (Name of Accounts) | Debit (₹) | Credit (₹) |
Capital and Drawings : | ||
Rushabh | 40,000 | 2,00,000 |
Yesha | 28,000 | 1,00,000 |
Purchases and Sales | 2,80,000 | 5,21,000 |
Debtors and Creditors | 1,80,000 | 1,20,000 |
Sales Return and Purchase Return | 4,000 | 6,000 |
Bills Receivable and Bills Payable | 30,000 | 41,600 |
Cash Balance and Bank Overdraft | 2,000 | 28,000 |
Bad Debts and Provision for Doubtful Debts | 800 | 2,600 |
Wages and Outstanding Wages | 70,000 | 4,000 |
Machinery | 80,000 | |
Furniture | 24,000 | |
Opening Stock of Goods | 92,200 | |
Prepaid Insurance | 400 | |
Salaries | 46,000 | |
Insurance Premium | 4,000 | |
Rent -Taxes | 24,000 | |
Advertisement Expenses | 5,800 | |
Goodwill | 1,44,000 | |
Leasehold Building | 28,000 | |
8 % Loan (From 1111/22) | 60,000 | |
10,83,200 | 10,83,200 |
Adjustments :
(1) Closing stock is of ₹ 2,20,000. Its market value is 20 % more than its value.
(2) Calculate interest on capital @ 6 % p.a.
(3) Interest on drawings to be charged from partners: Rushabh ₹ 1,800, Yesha ₹ 1,200
(4) Provision for doubtful debts is to be kept at 5 %.
(5) Outstanding expenses at the end of the year: Rent ₹ 600, Salary ₹ 1,900.
(6) Provide depreciation at 10 % on machinery and at 5 % on furniture.
(7) Write off ₹ 8,000 from Leasehold Building.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statements:
Bills receivable is a current asset.
Find the odd one:
From the following Trial Balance of Hira and Manek, prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2023 and Balance Sheet as on that date.
Trial Balance as on 31st March, 2023 | |||
Debit Balances | Amount (₹) | Credit Balances | Amount (₹) |
Stock (1 /4/2022) | 50,000 | Bank Overdraft | 10,000 |
Debtors | 1,61,000 | Bills Payable | 25,000 |
Bills Receivable | 20,000 | Creditors | 1,36,000 |
Purchases | 4,17,000 | Sales | 6,50,000 |
Sales Returns | 2,000 | Outstanding Rent | 4,000 |
Carriage Inward | 6,000 | Unpaid Wages | 3,000 |
Carriage Outward | 9,000 | Capital A/cs: | |
Motor Vehicle | 1,10,000 | Hira | 1,50,000 |
General Expenses | 3,600 | Manek | 1,50,000 |
Export Duty | 1,800 | Purchase Returns | 2,000 |
Advertisement (For 3 years from 1/10/2022) | 9,600 | ||
Printing and Stationery | 2,400 | ||
Drawings: | |||
Hira | 7,000 | ||
Manek | 4,000 | ||
Leasehold Premises | 2,20,000 | ||
Cash at Bank | 90,000 | ||
Furniture | 16,600 | ||
11,30,000 | 11,30,000 |
Adjustments:
(1) Closing stock is valued at ₹ 64,000.
(2) Provide provision for doubtful debts ₹ 4,000.
(3) Create reserve for discount on debtors @ 3%
(4) Value of leasehold premises on 31st March, 2023 ₹ 2,00,000.
(5) Outstanding expenses: Printing and Stationery ₹ 1,000.
Mama and Kaka are partners in partnership firm sharing profits and losses equally. You are required to prepare Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2019 and Balance Sheet as on that date:
Trial Balance as on 31st March, 2019 | |||
Debit Balances | Amount (₹) | Cebit Balances | Amount (₹) |
Insurance | 30,000 | Capital Accounts: | |
Land and Building ((Addition of ₹ 40,000 wef. 1st July, 2018)) | 1,00,000 | Mama | 1,00,000 |
Salaries | 10,000 | Kaka | 1,00,000 |
Export duty | 5,000 | 10% Bank Loan (taken on1st Oct. 2018) | 60,000 |
Interest | 2,000 | Interest | 3,000 |
Furniture | 80,000 | Bills payable | 16,000 |
Debtors | 52,000 | - | |
2,79,000 | 2,79,000 |
Adjustment:
- Gross profit amounted to ₹ 69,000.
- Prepaid insurance ₹ 7,500.
- Depreciate Land and Building at 10% p.a. and Furniture 5% p.a.
- Write ₹ 2,000 for bad debts and maintain R.D.D. at 5% on sundry debtors.
- Closing stock is valued at ₹ 69,000.
Find odd one.
Find odd one.
Find odd one.