Question

Answer the following question in detail. (About 150 words)

‘Social movements play an important role in bringing about changes in society.’ With reference to this statement, choose any two different social movements that you have studied and comment on:

1. the issues related to the movement, and
2. how the movement has brought about changes in Indian society.

Answer 1

Social movement: Environmental Movement: Narmada Bachao Andolan

Related issues: The construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River threatens to displace thousands of tribal and local people, resulting in the loss of livelihood and habitat. Concerns were expressed regarding poor repair efforts and environmental damage.

Important points:

1. The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) was formed in 1985 under the leadership of Medha Patkar.
2. It sparked an international movement for tribal and environmental rights.
3. The campaign rejected the dam's construction and proposed other methods of generating power and effective rehabilitation for the displaced.
4. Medha Patkar conducted an indefinite dharna in 1994 to pressure the governments of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh. 

Resultant changes:

1. The movement attracted international importance, influencing policies governing large-scale development projects.
2. It emphasized the importance of environmental impact studies and fair rehabilitation of displaced individuals. 

Chipko Movement

Related issues:

1. The campaign began in the Chamoli district (Uttarakhand) to combat deforestation caused by the indiscriminate use of forest land for industrial uses.
2. Local residents, whose livelihoods were based on woods, protested the destruction of forest land by contractors.
3. Industrialization and development initiatives ignored local people's rights, sparking widespread outrage and protests.

Resultant changes:

1. The protest forced authorities to retreat, preventing large-scale deforestation in the area.
2. The movement inspired similar environmental efforts across India, raising awareness about the importance of forests and community rights.