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Question
Answer the following question.
"The Government of India has introduced various institutional and technological reforms to improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s." Support this statement with examples.
Solution
Many technological and institutional reforms were introduced by the Government of India.
Some of the technological reforms in Indian agriculture are :
- The Green revolution brought HYV seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides, etc.
- The introduction of modern farm machinery to increase productivity and decrease time and labour input.
- The helpline numbers and agriculture programmes on T.V. and radio for farmers are there to guide and help them in agriculture-related activities.
- Introduction of multiple cropping methods, intensive farming, and genetically improved seeds.
- Organic farming is the latest technological intervention in agriculture.
Various institutional reforms introduced by the government to increase the interest of the farmers include :
- The Zamindari system has been abolished so that more land can be distributed among the poor farmers.
- There has been a consolidation of land holdings by combining small farms into larger ones and insisting individual landowners to engage in cooperative farming.
- Some land reform measures have been taken.
- Certain schemes like the Crop Insurance have been introduced to provide financial assistance to the farmers at the time of natural disasters, crop destruction by pests and diseases, etc.
- Cooperative Societies and Grameen Banks have been introduced to provide loans to the farmers at low interests for making investments in agriculture.
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| Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development. In spite of the development of sources of irrigation, most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which provides a livelihood for more than 60 percent of its population, needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc, were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence. 'Land reform' was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan. The right of inheritance had already lead to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings. |
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| Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development. In spite of the development of sources of irrigation, most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which provides a livelihood for more than 60 percent of its population, needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc, were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence. 'Land reform' was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan. The right of inheritance had already lead to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings. |
What was the serious challenge for the growing population?
| Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development. In spite of the development of sources of irrigation, most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which provides a livelihood for more than 60 percent of its population, needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc, were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence. 'Land reform' was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan. The right of inheritance had already lead to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings. |
Did agriculture provide livelihood to how much population?
| Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development. In spite of the development of sources of irrigation, most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which provides a livelihood for more than 60 percent of its population, needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc, were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence. 'Land reform' was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan. The right of inheritance had already lead to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings. |
Which right had lead to the fragmentation of land holdings?
Explain any three institutional reforms taken for the development of Indian agriculture.
