Question

Can we use recent molecular tools to identify and classify organisms?

Answer 1

Yes, recent molecular tools have significantly enhanced our ability to identify and classify organisms. Here are some key methods and their applications:

1. DNA barcoding: DNA barcoding uses a specific, short genetic sequence from a standardized part of the genome (often the mitochondrial COI gene in animals or the rbcL and matK genes in plants) to identify and classify species.

2. DNA Fingerprinting: DNA fingerprinting analyzes unique patterns in an organism’s DNA, using techniques like microsatellites or short tandem repeats (STRs) to create a genetic profile.

3. DNA Hybridization: DNA hybridization measures the degree of similarity between the DNA sequences of two different organisms. It involves heating DNA strands to separate them and then allowing them to re-anneal. The extent of hybridization indicates how closely related the organisms are.

4. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism): RFLP involves cutting DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes and then separating these fragments by size using gel electrophoresis. The pattern of DNA fragments, which varies between individuals, is analyzed to identify genetic differences.

5. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): PCR is a technique used to amplify specific DNA segments, making millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. It is highly sensitive and can work with very small DNA samples.