Question

Complete the concept chart.

Answer 1

Explanation:

1. Karl Marx (1818-1883): was a German philosopher and historian who wrote the book Das Kapital in which he talks about the class struggle.
2. René Descartes (1596-1650): René Descartes was the foremost among scholars who insisted on verifying the reliability of historical documents by critically examining them. Among the rules given by him in his book, ‘Discourse on the Method’, the following is supposed to have a great impact on the scientific method of research: Never to accept anything for truth till all grounds of doubt are excluded.
3. Voltaire (1694-1778): Voltaire’s original name was François-Marie Arouet. He was French. He opined that along with objective truth and chronology of historical events considering social traditions, trade, economy, agriculture, etc. was also equally important in historiography. It gave rise to the thought that understanding all aspects of human life is important for history writing. Thus, it is said that Voltaire was the founder of modern historiography.
4. Leopold von Ranké (1795-1886): Historiography of the nineteenth century was greatly influenced by the thoughts of Leopold Von Ranke of Berlin University. He spoke about the critical method of historical research. He put emphasis on the utmost importance of information gathered through original documents. He also stated that all types of documents associated with a historical event need to be examined with the greatest care. He believed that with this method it was possible to reach the historical truth. He criticized the imaginative narration of history. The collection of his articles is published in two books, entitled ‘The Theory and Practice of History’ and ‘The Secret of World History’.