Question

Explain major psychological disorders:

1. Phobia
2. Depressive Disorders
3. Bipolar Disorder
4. PTSD

Answer 1

Major Psychological Disorders:

1. Phobia: The term phobia is taken from the Greek deity of fear, Phobos. Anxiety disorders include phobias. It is an acute and persistent fear of a certain object or circumstance that is unreasonable and exaggerated. Specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, and other subtypes of phobias exist. We are all terrified of something, but we manage to overcome it with minimal effort. However, phobia is defined as an acute fear that interferes with daily life and causes adjustment problems for more than six months, such as a fear of heights, water, darkness, being alone, etc.
2. Depressive Disorders: Individuals may experience unpleasant sensations as a result of unfavorable incidents or other external influences, but if they persist for a lengthy period of time (greater than two weeks), this is referred to as Depressive Disorder. Depression is an emotional state characterized by feelings of sadness, guilt, anxiety, and hopelessness. Lack of enthusiasm, weight loss, loss of interest in food and loss of appetite, lack of sleep or excessive sleep, constant feeling of fatigue, etc are some of the symptoms.
3. Bipolar Disorder: This is also referred to as Manic Depressive Disorder. The individual alternates between great melancholy, hopelessness and tension and excessive happiness, excitement and elation. The same person goes through phases of both states. They may exhibit aggressive, irritable and unrealistic thinking during the sadness period. He is ecstatic and overjoyed throughout the happiness phase.
   Genetic factors, as well as imbalances in neurotransmitters in the brain, primarily norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, have been identified as the primary causal factors.
4. PTSD: If the acute stress condition lasts longer than one month with the same intensity, the individual is diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The cause could be the death of a loved one, a significant bodily injury, a natural disaster, sexual abuse, etc. Individuals may experience tremendous terror, emotional numbness, severe disorientation, dreams of the occurrence or uncontrollable thoughts about it, lack of focus and sleep, significant remorse about the event for which he holds himself accountable, and sadness.

Individual who suffered trauma normally goes through three stages:

1. Shock stage: The individual is greatly upset and unable to think clearly. He is taken aback.
2. Suggestible stage: He requires guidance from others at this stage, and he becomes very sensitive to recommendations from others, to the point that he may accept them without considering the repercussions.
3. Recovery stage: Though the guy is still under stress, he has begun to regain his mental balance, is attempting to escape the situation, and is showing indications of recovery. However, some people are still unable to keep their mental equilibrium and begin to exhibit symptoms of mental disease - PTSD.