Advertisements
Advertisements
Questions
Explain the credit creation role of commercial banks with the help of a numerical example.
Discuss the role of commercial banks in credit creation.
Explain the money creation process by the commercial banks with the help of an example.
Solution 1
Credit creation is now often seen as the primary activity of commercial banks. Commercial banks issue credit based on their deposits. Thus, credit creation refers to the ability of banks to increase their secondary deposits through loans, advances, and investments in excess of their main deposits. Commercial banks' money generation (or credit creation) process is influenced by the amount of initial fresh deposits and CRR, the minimum cash reserve ratio of deposits legally mandated to be maintained as cash by banks.
Example:
If the CRR is 20%, the fresh deposit is ₹ 10,000. The bank keeps 20%, or ₹ 2000, as cash. Assume the bank lends the remaining ₹ 8000 as loans. As a result, those who get payouts keep the funds in the bank. Banks get additional deposits of ₹ 8000. The bank maintains 20% (₹ 1600) as cash and lends the remainder ₹ 6400 (80% of the deposits). The money is returned to the banks, resulting in a new deposit of ₹ 6400. Money continues to multiply, resulting in a total of ₹ 50,000, as indicated in the table below.
Money creation by commercial banks:
| Rounds | Deposits (₹) | Loans (₹) | Cash reserve (₹) |
| Initial | 10,000 | 8000 | 2000 |
| I | 8,000 | 6400 | 1600 |
| II | 6,400 | 5120 | 1280 |
| − | − | − | |
| − | − | − | |
| Total | 50,000 | 40,000 | 10,000 |
Thus, credit is created or generated in commercial banks.
Solution 2
Commercial banks create demand deposits and, hence, add to the supply of money.
Example: Suppose the amount of the initial deposit is ₹ 1000, and LRR is 10%. The banks will keep 10%, i.e., ₹ 100, as reserve and lend the remaining ₹ 900 to borrowers. The borrowers will spend this money. It is assumed that ₹ 900 comes back to the bank. The bank again keeps 10% of ₹ 900, i.e., ₹ 90 reserve and lends ₹ 810. This will further raise the amount of deposits with the banks. In this way, deposits continue to increase. The number of times the total deposits will become is determined by the money multiplier.
Money Multiplier = `1/"LRR"`
= `1/0.10`
= 10
The total deposits will be:
Initial deposits × Money Multiplier
= 1000 × 10
= 10,000
APPEARS IN
RELATED QUESTIONS
Credit creation by commercial banks is determined by (Choose the correct alternative)
Explain the concept of ‘inflationary gap’. Also explain the role of ‘legal reserves’ in reducing it.
Answer the following question.
Explain, using a numerical example, how a reduction in reserve deposit ratio, affects the credit creation power of the banking system.
The ______ creation is called credit creation.
The process of money creation or credit creation is done by ______.
Access to adequate and timely credit at affordable rates is critical for the rural poor to alleviate high cost debt and invest in livelihood opportunities. Despite the Government of India's best efforts, financial inclusion of the rural poor has been beset with multiple challenges. Lack of adequate banking infrastructure and human resources in rural areas, unplanned expansion leading to unviable bank branches and low levels of financial literacy amongst the rural populace have been some of the key challenges.
The most vulnerable communities, who often had no formal credit history or ability to provide collateral, have often been the worst affected. Inability to access loans from banks meant that the poorest had to resort to moneylenders for loans at unreasonably high rates of interest that invariably led them into a toxic debt trap.
In this context, the SHG-Bank Linkage programme, formalised by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in 1995, synthesizes 'formal financial systems' (in terms of a formal institution providing credit) with the 'informal sector' (comprising of rural poor with no formal credit history), has emerged as a preferred vehicle for providing financial services to the hitherto unbanked poor.
Community Based Repayment Mechanisms (CBRMs) have been institutionalised at branches involved in financing SHGs to monitor and ensure timely repayment of loans by SHGs. The number of SHGs with outstanding bank loans stands at nearly 5 million today, implying that the program has brought formal banking services to over 50 million women.
Why is it important to ensure access to cheap formal sector credit to the rural poor?
Access to adequate and timely credit at affordable rates is critical for the rural poor to alleviate high cost debt and invest in livelihood opportunities. Despite the Government of India's best efforts, financial inclusion of the rural poor has been beset with multiple challenges. Lack of adequate banking infrastructure and human resources in rural areas, unplanned expansion leading to unviable bank branches and low levels of financial literacy amongst the rural populace have been some of the key challenges.
The most vulnerable communities, who often had no formal credit history or ability to provide collateral, have often been the worst affected. Inability to access loans from banks meant that the poorest had to resort to moneylenders for loans at unreasonably high rates of interest that invariably led them into a toxic debt trap.
In this context, the SHG-Bank Linkage programme, formalised by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in 1995, synthesizes 'formal financial systems' (in terms of a formal institution providing credit) with the 'informal sector' (comprising of rural poor with no formal credit history), has emerged as a preferred vehicle for providing financial services to the hitherto unbanked poor.
Community Based Repayment Mechanisms (CBRMs) have been institutionalised at branches involved in financing SHGs to monitor and ensure timely repayment of loans by SHGs. The number of SHGs with outstanding bank loans stands at nearly 5 million today, implying that the program has brought formal banking services to over 50 million women.
Which of the following is a crucial area of improvement for rural banking?
Access to adequate and timely credit at affordable rates is critical for the rural poor to alleviate high cost debt and invest in livelihood opportunities. Despite the Government of India's best efforts, financial inclusion of the rural poor has been beset with multiple challenges. Lack of adequate banking infrastructure and human resources in rural areas, unplanned expansion leading to unviable bank branches and low levels of financial literacy amongst the rural populace have been some of the key challenges.
The most vulnerable communities, who often had no formal credit history or ability to provide collateral, have often been the worst affected. Inability to access loans from banks meant that the poorest had to resort to moneylenders for loans at unreasonably high rates of interest that invariably led them into a toxic debt trap.
In this context, the SHG-Bank Linkage programme, formalised by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in 1995, synthesizes 'formal financial systems' (in terms of a formal institution providing credit) with the 'informal sector' (comprising of rural poor with no formal credit history), has emerged as a preferred vehicle for providing financial services to the hitherto unbanked poor.
Community Based Repayment Mechanisms (CBRMs) have been institutionalised at branches involved in financing SHGs to monitor and ensure timely repayment of loans by SHGs. The number of SHGs with outstanding bank loans stands at nearly 5 million today, implying that the program has brought formal banking services to over 50 million women.
There are two statements given below, marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): Micro-credit can help empower women and make them financially independent.
Reason (R): Micro-credit involves small loans provided at reasonable interest rates that can help people start their own ventures.
Access to adequate and timely credit at affordable rates is critical for the rural poor to alleviate high cost debt and invest in livelihood opportunities. Despite the Government of India's best efforts, financial inclusion of the rural poor has been beset with multiple challenges. Lack of adequate banking infrastructure and human resources in rural areas, unplanned expansion leading to unviable bank branches and low levels of financial literacy amongst the rural populace have been some of the key challenges.
The most vulnerable communities, who often had no formal credit history or ability to provide collateral, have often been the worst affected. Inability to access loans from banks meant that the poorest had to resort to moneylenders for loans at unreasonably high rates of interest that invariably led them into a toxic debt trap.
In this context, the SHG-Bank Linkage programme, formalised by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in 1995, synthesizes 'formal financial systems' (in terms of a formal institution providing credit) with the 'informal sector' (comprising of rural poor with no formal credit history), has emerged as a preferred vehicle for providing financial services to the hitherto unbanked poor.
Community Based Repayment Mechanisms (CBRMs) have been institutionalised at branches involved in financing SHGs to monitor and ensure timely repayment of loans by SHGs. The number of SHGs with outstanding bank loans stands at nearly 5 million today, implying that the program has brought formal banking services to over 50 million women.
Which of the following is likely to be the MAIN objective of this programme?
If legal reserve ratio is 20%, the value of money multiplier would be ______.
Credit money is increased when CRR:
Match the following and select the correct option.
| Column A | Column B | ||
| (i) | A deposit created by a customer | A. | Term deposit |
| (ii) | A deposit created by bank when loan is granted | B. | Demand deposits |
| (iii) | Deposits payable by bank on demand | C. | Initial deposit |
| (iv) | Deposits the amount of which can be withdrawn only after a fixed period of time | D. | Secondary deposit |
Which of these banks formulates the credit control tools?
To ensure that the citizens of the country have faith in the currency, the currency is issued by:
Match the following:
| Column I | Column II | ||
| A. | Primary deposits | (i) | Payable on demand |
| B. | Derivative deposits | (ii) | Deposits for a fixed period of time |
| C. | Demand deposits | (iii) | Cash deposits of people |
| D. | Term deposits | (iv) | Deposits created by banks (or loan deposits) |
Match the following:
| Column I | Column II | ||
| A. | Formula of Money Multiplier | (i) | Inverse |
| B. | Money multiplier = 4 | (ii) | Money multiplier = 10 |
| C. | Relationship between LRR and money multiplier | (iii) | LRR = 0.25 |
| D. | LRR = 0.1 | (iv) | `1/"LRR"` |
What is meant by credit creation?
State the advantage of a credit card over currency notes.
What is money multiplier?
