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Question
Explain the trend in the oxidation state of elements from nitrogen to bismuth.
Solution
- Group 15 elements have five valence electrons (ns2 np3). Common oxidation states are −3, +3, and +5. The range of oxidation states is from −3 to +5.
- Group 15 elements exhibit positive oxidation states such as +3 and +5. Due to the inert pair effect, the stability of the +5 oxidation state decreases, and the +3 oxidation state increases on moving down the group.
- Group 15 elements show a tendency to donate electron pairs in −3 oxidation states. This tendency is maximum for nitrogen.
- The group 15 elements achieve +5 oxidation state only through covalent bonding.
e.g. NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, and BiH3 contain 3 covalent bonds. PCl5 and PF5 contain 5 covalent bonds.
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