Question

Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade of India.

Answer 1

In 1950-51, India’s external trade was worth Rs. 1,2140 million, which rose to Rs. 22,09,270 crore in 2009-10. The main reasons for the rise in the quantum of trade are momentum pitched up by the manufacturing sector, the liberal policies of the government, and the diversification of markets. The nature of India’s foreign trade has changed over the years. Though there has been an increase in the total volume of imports and export, the value of imports continued to be higher than that of exports. There has also been an increase in the trade deficit over the last couple of years. This increase in the deficit is attributed to the price rise of crude petroleum, which forms a major component of India’s international trade.

1. Changing Nature of India’s Export: The composition of commodities in India’s international trade has been undergoing change over years. The share of agriculture and allied products have declined whereas shares of petroleum and crude products and other commodities have increased. The shares of ore minerals and manufactured goods have largely remained constant over the years from 1997-98 to 2003-04. The increase in the share of petroleum products is due to the rise in petroleum price as well as India’s refining capacity. The decline in traditional products is largely due to the competition from the international market Amongst agricultural products, there is a great decline in the exports of traditional items such as coffee, spices, tea, pulses, etc. though an increase has been registered in floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products, and sugar, etc.
   The manufacturing sector alone accounted for 68 percent of India’s total value of export in 2010-11. Engineering goods have shown significant growth in the export list. China and other East Asian countries are our major competitors.
   Gems and jewelry contribute a larger portion of India’s foreign trade.
2. Changing Nature of India’s Import: India faced a serious food shortage during the 1950s and 1960s. The major item of import at that time was foodgrain, capital goods, machinery, and equipment. The balance of payment was adverse as imports were more than export in spite of all the efforts of import substitution. After the 1970s, foodgrain import was discontinued due to the success of the green revolution but the energy crisis of 1973 pushed the prices of petroleum, and the import budget was also pushed up. Fertilizers and petroleum replaced foodgrain imports. Machine and equipment, special steel, edible oil, and chemicals largely make the import basket.
   There has been a steep rise in imports of petroleum products. It is used not only as a fuel but also as an industrial raw material. It indicates the tempo of rising industrialization and a better standard of living. Sporadic price rise in the international market is another reason for the same. Import of capital goods maintained a steady increase due to rising demand in the export-oriented industrial and domestic sectors. Non-electrical machinery, transport equipment, manufacturers of metals, and machine tools were the main items of capital goods.
   Import of food and allied products declined with a fall in imports of edible oils. Other major items of India’s import include pearls and semi-precious stones, gold and silver, metalliferous ores and metal scrap, non-ferrous metals, electronic goods, etc.