Question

Write a short note on the three stages of a river.

Answer 1

From the source to its mouth, a river is divided into three main sections – Upper Course, Middle Course, and Lower Course. These three sections are also called the Profile of a River.

• Upper Course – In the upper course, the dominant activity of a river is erosion. Many landforms are shaped by this activity of the river. Along its course, it erodes bed and banks and carries large boulders of rock with it. Under the impact of the rush of water.
• Middle Course – At this stage, the gradient is reduced, and the river flows more slowly. The middle course of the river begins when it leaves the mountains area and enters the plains. In the middle course, the energy required to transport the materials is just enough to drag large particles. Fine particles remain suspended in water, large particles are just dragged along the bed of the river and smaller ones are rolled down in the center. The river also gets widened as a result of the great volume of water and the impact of the load.
• Lower Course – The river divides itself into many distributaries. These distributaries are also subdivided into mini-distributaries. This is due to the deposition of sediments over a large area near the mouth of rivers. Such sedimentation occurs on the sides of the stream, at the mouth, in the front part as well as in the bed of the river. The deposition over large areas results in a triangular-shaped formation called delta. It resembles the Greek letter A The Ganga -Brahmaputra delta is growing towards the sea. It is also one of the largest in the world. Oxbow lakes are also formed in the lower course of a river.