Economics Commerce (English Medium) Class 11 CBSE Syllabus 2025-26

• Statistics and Economics
• Statistics and Firms
• Statistics and Commerce
• Statistics and Education
• Statistics and Planning
• Statistics and Medicine
• Statistics and Modern applications

• Statistics is not suitable to the study of qualitative phenomenon
• Statistical laws are not exact
• Statistics table may be misused:
• Statistics is only one of the methods of studying a problem

• Personal Observations
• Interview
• Questionnaire/Schedule
• Other Methods

• Published Sources
• Unpublished Sources

• Basic concepts of sampling 

1. Lottery method
2. Table of Random number

• Sampling and Non-Sampling Errors
• Sampling distribution 
• Computing standard error in simple cases

• Census of India
• National Sample Survey Organisation

• bar diagrams and
• pie diagrams

• histogram
• polygon
• ogive

• time series graph

• simple
• weighted

• Computation of median
• Discrete Series
• Continuous Series
• Quartiles
• Percentiles

• Computation of Mode

1. Discrete Series
2. Continuous Series

• Individual Series
• Discrete Series
• Continuous Series

• Range
• Quartile deviation
• Mean or average deviation
• Standard deviation

• co-efficient of range
• co-efficient of quartile-deviation
• co-efficient of mean deviation
• co-efficient of variation

• Construction of the Lorenz curve
• Studying the Lorenz Curve

• Positive Correlation
• Negative Correlation
• Simple Correlation
• Partial Correlation
• Multiple Correlation
• Linear Correlation
• Non Linear Correlation

• Preparation of Instrument
• Mode of Data Collection

1. Personal Interviews
2. Mailing Questionnaire
3. Telephone Interviews

• Pilot Survey

• Census or Complete Enumeration
• Population and Sample
• Random Sampling
• Non-Random Sampling

• Sampling Errors
• Non-Sampling Errors

1. Sampling Bias
2. Non-Response Errors
3. Errors in Data Acquisition

• Chronological Classification
• Spatial Classification
• Qualitative Classification

• How to prepare a Frequency Distribution?
• Should we have equal or unequal-sized class intervals?
• How many classes should we have?
• What should be the size of each class?
• How should we determine the class limits?
• Types of Class Intervals

1. Inclusive class intervals
2. Exclusive class intervals

• Adjustment in Class Interval
• How should we get the frequency for each class?
• Finding class frequency by tally marking
• Loss of Information
• Frequency distribution with unequal classes
• Frequency array

• Classification used in tabulation

1. Qualitative classification
2. Quantitative classification
3. Temporal classification
4. Spatial classification

• Table Number
• Title
• Captions or Column Headings
• Stubs or Row Headings
• Body of the Table
• Unit of Measurement
• Source
• Note

• Geometric Diagram

1. Bar Diagram - Simple Bar Diagram, Multiple Bar Diagram, and Component Bar Diagram.
2. Pie Diagram

• Frequency Diagram

1. Histogram
2. Frequency Polygon
3. Frequency Curve
4. Ogive

• Arithmetic line graph

• Average 
• Related Positional Measures - Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles
• Computations for Related positional measure
• Geometric mean 
• Harmonic mean
• Relationship among the averages 
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
• Computing Mean from Ungrouped Data
• Computing Mean from Grouped Data

• Computation of median
• Discrete Series
• Continuous Series
• Quartiles
• Percentiles

• Computation of Mode

1. Discrete Series
2. Continuous Series

• Range
• Quartile Deviation

• Mean Deviation
• Calculation of Mean Deviation from Arithmetic Mean for ungrouped data
• Mean Deviation from median for ungrouped data
• Mean Deviation from Mean for Continuous Distribution
• Mean Deviation from Median
• Standard Deviation
• Calculation of Standard Deviation for ungrouped data

1. Actual Mean Method
2. Assumed Mean Method
3. Direct Method
4. Step-Deviation Method

• Standard Deviation in Continuous frequency distribution

1. Actual Mean Method
2. Assumed Mean Method
3. Step-Deviation Method

• Construction of the Lorenz curve
• Studying the Lorenz Curve

• What Does Correlation Measure?
• Types of Correlation

1. Negative
2. Positive

• Scatter Diagram
• Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation
• Properties of Correlation Coefficient
• Spearman’s rank correlation
• Calculation of Rank Correlation Coefficient

• Consumer price index
• Consumer Price Index Number
• Wholesale Price Index
• Index of Industrial production
• Human Development Index
• Sensex

• Steps Towards Making a Project

1. Identifying a problem or an area of study
2. Choice of Target Group
3. Collection of Data
4. Organisation and Presentation of Data
5. Analysis and Interpretation
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography

• Meaning 
• Types of Foreign Trade

1. Import Trade
2. Export Trade
3. Entrepot Trade

• Meaning and Types of Infrastructure

• Growth
• modernisation
• self-reliance
• equity

• Institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy, etc.
• Land Reforms
• Land ceiling
• The Green Revolution
• Marketed surplus
• The Debate Over Subsidies
• Foodgrain Production
• Productivity Position of Tamil Nadu and India
• Subsistence Agriculture

1. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
2. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

• Plantation Agriculture
• Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation
• Mixed Farming
• Dairy Farming
• Mediterranean Agriculture
• Market Gardening and Horticulture
• Co-operative Farming
• Collective Farming

• Public and Private Sectors in Indian Industrial Development
• Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 (IPR 1956)
• Small-Scale Industry (SSI)
  - Role and importance of Small-Scale Industry (SSI)

• Effect of Policies on Industrial Development

• Background

• Export-import policy
• Fiscal Policy
• Foreign exchange markets
• Deregulation of the Industrial Sector
• Financial Sector Reforms
• stock exchange
• Foreign Institutional Investors (FII)
• Tax Reforms
• Foreign Exchange Reforms
• Trade and Investment Policy Reforms
• Import licensing
• Export duties

• Disinvestment

• Outsourcing
• World Trade Organisation (WTO)
• Multilateral Trade Agreements
• Bilateral
• Non-Tariff Barriers

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
• Foreign Institutional Investment (FII),
• Growth and Employment
• Reforms in Agriculture
• Reforms in Industry
• Disinvestment
• Reforms and Fiscal Policies

• Absolute and Relative Poverty

• Categorising Poverty

• always poor
• usually poor
• chronic poor
• churning poor
• occasionally poor
• transient poor
• non-poor

• The Poverty Line

• Preventive medicine
• curative medicine
• social medicine
• on-the job- training
• migrate
• information
• Human Capital and Economic Growth

• Growth in Government Expenditure on Education
• Educational Achievements in India

• Education for All - Still a Distant Dream
• Gender Equity - Better than Before
• Higher Education - a Few Takers

• Credit
• Rural Banking - a Critical Appraisal

• Emerging Alternate Marketing Channels
• Role of cooperatives

• agro-processing industries
• Animal Husbandry
• Fisheries
• Horticulture
• Other Alternate Livelihood Options

• Benefits of Organic Farming

• Introduction
• Meaning of Unemployment

• Meaning and Types of Infrastructure

• Sources of Energy
• Non-conventional Sources of Energy
• Consumption Pattern of Commercial Energy
• Power/Electricity
• Some Challenges in the Power Sector
• Kinetic energy
• Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
• Relation between Momentum and Kinetic Energy
• Potential Energy
• Potential energy near the surface of the Earth
• Elastic Potential Energy
• Conservative and non-conservative forces
• Law of conservation of energy
• Motion in a vertical circle

• State of Health Infrastructure
• Private Sector Health Infrastructure
• Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM)
• Indicators of Health and Health Infrastructure - A Critical Appraisal
• Urban-Rural and Poor-Rich Divide
• Women’s Health
• Health: Problems and Policies - A critical assessment

• Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming

• Use of Non-conventional Sources of Energy
• LPG, Gobar Gas in Rural Areas
• CNG in Urban Areas
• Wind Power
• Solar Power through Photovoltaic Cells
• Mini-hydel Plants
• Traditional Knowledge and Practices
• Biocomposting
• Biopest Control

• China
• Pakistan

• Population

• Economic growth
• Other Human Development Indicators

• Growth
• modernisation
• self-reliance
• equity

• Institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy, etc.
• Land Reforms
• Land ceiling
• The Green Revolution
• Marketed surplus
• The Debate Over Subsidies
• Foodgrain Production
• Productivity Position of Tamil Nadu and India
• Subsistence Agriculture

1. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
2. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

• Plantation Agriculture
• Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation
• Mixed Farming
• Dairy Farming
• Mediterranean Agriculture
• Market Gardening and Horticulture
• Co-operative Farming
• Collective Farming

• Public and Private Sectors in Indian Industrial Development
• Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 (IPR 1956)
• Small-Scale Industry (SSI)
  - Role and importance of Small-Scale Industry (SSI)

• Meaning 
• Types of Foreign Trade

1. Import Trade
2. Export Trade
3. Entrepot Trade

• liberalisation
• globalisation
• privatisation

• Credit
• Rural Banking - a Critical Appraisal

• agro-processing industries
• Animal Husbandry
• Fisheries
• Horticulture
• Other Alternate Livelihood Options

• Growth in Government Expenditure on Education
• Educational Achievements in India

• Formal and informal Sector

• Introduction
• Meaning of Unemployment

• Meaning and Types of Infrastructure

• Growth
• population
• sectoral development 
• other developmental indicators

• What is produced and in what quantities?
• How are these goods produced?
• For whom are these goods produced?

• Meaning of Consumer's Equilibrium

• budget set
• budget line
• Changes in the Budget Set

• indifference curve
• indifference curve

• Measures of Utility

1. Total Utility
2. Marginal Utility
3. Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

• Indifference curve
• Marginal rate of substitution (MRS)
• Law of Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution
• Indifference Map

• Demand

1.  Demand Curve and the Law of Demand
2. Deriving a Demand Curve from Indifference
3. Curves and Budget Constraints 
4.  Normal and Inferior Goods 
5.  Substitutes and Complements 
6.  Shifts in the Demand Curve 
7. Movements along the Demand Curve and Shifts in the Demand Curve

• Individual Demand Schedule
• Market Demand Schedule

1. Price Elasticity of Demand
2. Income Elasticity of Demand
3. Cross Elasticity of Demand

• Geometric Method
• Percentage-change Method
• Point Method
• Total Expenditure Method

• Features of Indifference Curve:

1. Indifference curve slopes downwards from left to right
2. Higher indifference curve gives greater level of utility

• Meaning
• Short-run Production
• Long run Production

• Assumptions
• Total Product (TP)
• Average Product (AP)
• Marginal Product (MP)
• Stages of Production: Stage I, Stage II and Stage III

• Total Fixed Cost (TFC)
• Total Variable Cost (TVC)
• Total Cost Curves (TCC)
• Average Fixed Cost (AFC)
• Average Variable Cost (AVC)
• Average Total Cost (ATC) or Average Cost (AC)
• Marginal Cost (MC)
• The relationship between Average Cost and Marginal Cost

• Meaning of Producer's Equilibrium
• Producer's Equilibrium Conditionsin Terms of Marginal Revenue-marginal Cost.

• Supply Curve and Its Slope
• Supply Schedule

Shapes of Total Product, Marginal Product and Average Product Curves

Equilibrium, Excess Demand, Excess Supply

• Market Equilibrium: Fixed Number of Firms
• Market Equilibrium: Free Entry and Exit

• Maximum and Minimum

Profit Maximisation

• Condition 1
• Condition 2
• Condition 3 
• The Profit Maximisation Problem: Graphical Representation

Determinants of a Firm’s Supply Curve

• Technological Progress
• Input Prices

Simple Monopoly in the Commodity Market

• Market Demand Curve is the Average Revenue Curve
• Total, Average and Marginal Revenues
• Marginal Revenue and Price Elasticity of Demand
• Short Run Equilibrium of the Monopoly Firm

Other Non-perfectly Competitive Markets

• Monopolistic Competition
• How do Firms behave in Oligopoly?