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प्रश्न
Assertion (A): Cognitive consistency means that two components in an attitude system must be in the opposite direction.
Reason (R): If the two elements are not logically in consonance with each other, it leads to distress in the individual.
विकल्प
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
उत्तर
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Explanation:
Cognitive consistency means that the various components of an attitude system must be logically compatible with one another and not contradictory. For example, if someone favours physical activity, they may also advocate better diet because both views are logically compatible with one another.
The Reason (R) is also incorrect because cognitive inconsistency does not necessarily lead to distress. In fact, people can lean towards a different position without feeling particularly uncomfortable or distressed.
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| The Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, is a psychological phenomenon in which high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area. The hypothesis was that expectations. can influence performance. Robert Rosenthal chose an elementary school in California for his study and having tested all the children’s IQ, the researchers selected a sample of children at random. He informed the teachers that these were children of high academic potential. Following the test, the teachers were given the names of the “intellectual bloomers,’ but no scores were disclosed. At the end of the school year, all the students retook the test. While the overall scores had risen, the so called “intellectual bloomers had improved. the most because of the teachers’ efforts and the attention they got from them. The evidence seemed to indicate that the teachers’ expectations had an impact on the student outcomes, especially in the younger students. A similar process works in the opposite direction in the case of low expectations. The idea of the Pygmalion effect can be applied in many situations. Our beliefs about others can lead us to treat them in such a way that they subsequently start behaving in accordance with our beliefs. |
Explain the cognitive and behavioural components of the teachers’ attitude towards the ‘intellectual bloomers’ in the Rosenthal study.
