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प्रश्न
Elaborate on state and non-state initiatives addressing caste and tribal discrimination.
उत्तर
- The Indian state has had special programs for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes since even before Independence.
- Reservations involve the setting aside of some places or ‘seats’ for members of the Scheduled Castes and Tribes in different spheres of public life.
- Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850, which disallowed the curtailment of rights of citizens due solely to a change of religion or caste.
- 93rd Amendment is for introducing reservation for the Other Backward Classes in institutions of higher education.
- The Constitution abolished untouchability (Article 17) and introduced the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989.
- From the pre-Independence struggles and movements launched by people like Jyotiba Phule, Iyotheedas, Periyar, Ambedkar, and others to contemporary political organisations like the Bahujan Samaj Party in Uttar Pradesh or the Dalit Sangharsh Samiti of Karnataka, Dalit political assertion has come a long way.
- Dalits have also made significant contributions to literature in several Indian languages, especially Marathi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
What is the relationship between caste and economic inequality today?
What is untouchability?
The Jana or tribes are believed to be people of the ____________.
Just like caste in India, race in South Africa stratifies society into a hierarchy. This system is called ____________.
People do not face discrimination and exclusion on the basis of:
Assertion: Ritually highest caste – the Brahmins were subordinated to the secular power of kings and rulers belonging to the Kshatriya castes.
Reason: In strict scriptural terms, Brahmins were not supposed to amass wealth.
| Strictly speaking, the ‘untouchable’ castes are outside the caste hierarchy – they are considered to be so ‘impure’ that their mere touch severely pollutes members of all other castes, bringing terrible punishment for the former and forcing the latter to perform elaborate purification rituals. In fact, notions of ‘distance pollution’ existed in many regions of India (particularly in the south) such that even the mere presence or the shadow of an ‘untouchable’ person is considered polluting. |
The names used to refer to untouchables are all almost always:
| Strictly speaking, the ‘untouchable’ castes are outside the caste hierarchy – they are considered to be so ‘impure’ that their mere touch severely pollutes members of all other castes, bringing terrible punishment for the former and forcing the latter to perform elaborate purification rituals. In fact, notions of ‘distance pollution’ existed in many regions of India (particularly in the south) such that even the mere presence or the shadow of an ‘untouchable’ person is considered polluting. |
As per the understanding of distance pollution from the given passage, which of the following qualify as sources of distance pollution?
I. Mere presence
II. Shadow
III. Pollution associated with women during menstruation
IV. Ceremonial pollution associated with death
Assertions of tribal identity are on the rise. This can be laid at the door of the emergence of a middle class within the tribal society. With the emergence of this class, in particular, issues of culture, tradition, livelihood, even control over land and resources, as well as demands for a share in the benefits of the projects of modernity, have become an integral part of the articulation of identity among the tribes. There is, therefore, a new consciousness among tribes now, coming from its middle classes. The middle classes themselves are a consequence of modern education and modern occupations, aided in turn by the reservation policies.
Mark the statement as true or false. Tribes were a community which always had sharp divisions.
Which of the following is true regarding discrimination?
Prejudices are often grounded in what?
Which caste was not supposed to a mass wealth?
What is the mere presence or shadow of an untouchable person considered to be?
Social stratification persists over generations. The ascribed aspect of social inequality is reinforced by the practice of ______. That is, marriage is usually restricted to members of the same caste, ruling out the potential for blurring caste lines through inter-marriage.
When did the first backward classes commission submit its report?
The Jana were believed to be people of what?
When did the OBC issue become a regional affair pursued at the state rather than the central level?
The All-India Muslim Ladies Conference (Anjuman-E-Khawatn-E-Islam) was founded in the year
Who was known as the Father of Indian Renaissance?
Which of the following features is not an element of the policy of Apartheid?
Read the passage given and answer the question:
| The following observations were made by G.B. Pant during a speech that moved the constitution of the Advisory Committee on fundamental rights, minorities, etc. "We have to take particular care of the Depressed Classes, the Scheduled Castes, and the Backward Classes ...we must do all we can to bring them up to the general level..the strength of the chain is measured by the weakest link of it and so until every link is fully revitalised, we will not have a healthy body politic. Recent years have seen renewed debate about the States' decisions on reservation to this section." |
- Based on the passage above, who are referred to as the weakest link of the society?
- Why should and how can this weakest link be fully revitalised?
- Define 'Secularisation of caste'
Using an example, describe adivasis internal colonialism.
The 1989 Prevention of Atrocities Act revised and strengthened the legal provisions punishing acts of violence or humiliation against Dalits and adivasis. Legislation on this subject was passed repeatedly.
Do you think state action alone can ensure social change? Give reasons for your answer.
