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प्रश्न
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
| Biotechnology revolves around the "gene of interest", with an objective to open various avenues for human welfare in health, medicine, pharma, agriculture etc. using different techniques, tools and processes. One of the breakthroughs of biotechnology in medicine is the gene therapy. |
- Name the human disease for which the gene therapy was used for the first time.
- Explain the steps of gene therapy carried to cure the disease using the lymphocytes of the patient. Why is this therapy not a permanent cure of the disease?
- Write the possible permanent cure of the disease by the gene therapy that is in progress.
उत्तर
- The first clinical gene therapy was administered to a 4-year-old girl with ADA deficiency in 1990.
- The loss of the gene encoding adenosine deaminase, an enzyme essential for the immune system's proper operation, is what causes the illness.
Treatment:- By transferring bone marrow cells, the person who has this condition can be treated.
- The patient's bone marrow is used to obtain lymphocytes in the first step. Then, with the aid of a retrovirus, a functional gene for ADA is delivered into lymphocytes.
- The patient's bone marrow is subsequently given these treated cells that have the ADA gene. As a result, the patient's immune system is stimulated and functional T cells are produced by the gene.
- However, because these cells are not immortal, the patient needs to get these genetically modified lymphocytes on a regular basis.
- The defect might be permanently cured if a functional ADA gene is extracted from bone marrow cells and inserted at early embryonic stages.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Describe briefly the following:
Bioreactors
Explain briefly:
Chitinase
During the process of gene amplification using PCR, if a very high temperature is not maintained in the beginning, then which of the following steps of PCR will be affected first?
Rising of dough is due to ______.
While doing a PCR, ‘denaturation’ step is missed. What will be its effect on the process?
Identify and explain steps ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ in the PCR diagram given below.
Illustrate the design of a bioreactor. Highlight the difference between a flask in your laboratory and a bioreactor which allows cells to grow in a continuous culture system.
Read the paragraph given below and answer and questions that follow:
| Enzyme Taq polymerase, is extracted from a eubacterial microorganism Thermus aquaticus from Yellowstone National Park in Montana, USA and isolated by Chien et al. (1976). Taq polymerase successfully replaced the DNA polymerase from E.coli that was being used in PCR earlier and this shift revolutionised the PCR technique. |
- Taq polymerase after its discovery replaced E.coli DNA polymerase in PCR technique. Explain giving reasons why was the need felt for the change?
- What is a primer and its importance in PCR?
- Write the importance of PCR as a diagnostic tool.
State the advantage of using Thermostable DNA polymerase.
Bioreactors are the containment vehicles of any biotechnology-based production process. For large scale production and for economic reasons the final success of biotechnological process depends on the efficiency of the bioreactor.
Answer the following questions w.r.t. the given paragraph:
- List the operational guidelines that must be adhered to so as to achieve optimisation of the bioreactor system. Enlist any four.
- Mention the phase of the growth we refer to in the statement "Optimisation of growth and metabolic activity of the cells".
- Is the biological product formed in the bioreactor suitable for the intended use immediate? Give reason in support of your answer.
