Biology (Botany and Zoology) HSC Science Class 11 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2024-25

• Growth
• Cellular structure
• Reproduction
• Response to stimuli
• Homeostasis
• Metabolism

• Need of Classification

• Amphibians of Plant Kingdom
• General characteristic features
• Economic importance

• Seedless Vascular Cryptogams
• General characteristic features of Pteridophytes
• Economic Importance
• Types of Stele

• Herbs
• Shrubs
• Climbers (Vine)
• Trees

• Terrestrial
• Aquatic

• Annuals
• Biennials
• Perennials

• Root system
• Characteristic of the root system
• Type of Root:
  1) Primary root
  2) Secondary root
• Regions of root
  1) Meristematic Zone
  2) Zone of Elongation
  3) Zone of Maturation
• Types of the root system
  1) Tap root system
  2) Fibrous root system
  3) Adventitious root system
• Functions of root
  1) Primary function
  2) Secondary function
• Modifications of root

• The steam
• Characteristic features of the stem
• Functions of the stem
  (i) Primary functions
  (ii) Secondary functions
• Buds
• Types of Stem - Excurrent, Decurrent, Caudex, and Culm
• Modification of Stem
  1) Aerial modification of stem
  2) Subaerial stem modifications
  3) Underground stem modifications
  4) Stem Branching

• The Leaf
• Characteristics of leaf
• Functions of the leaf -
  1) Primary functions
  2) Secondary functions
• Parts of the leaf -
  1) Leaf base (hypopodium)
  2) Petiole (stipe or mesopodium)
  3) Lamina (Leaf blade)
• Venation -
  1) Reticulate venation
  2) Parallel venation
• Phyllotaxy -
  1) Alternate Phyllotaxy
  2) Opposite Phyllotaxy
  3) Ternate phyllotaxy
  4) Whorled (verticillate) type of phyllotaxy
• Leaf mosaic
• Types of Leaves -
  1) Simple leaf
  2) Compound leaf - Pinnately and palmately compound leaf
• Modifications of Leaves
  1) Leaf tendrils
  2) Leaf hooks
  3) Leaf Spines and Prickles
  4) Storage Leaves
  5) Phyllode
  6) Pitcher
  7) Bladder
  8) Floral leaves
• Leaf duration - Caducuous (Fagacious), Deciduous, Evergreen and Marcescent

• Inflorescence
• Types of Inflorescence
  1) Based On Position - Terminal, Auxillary, and Cauliflorous
  2) Based on branching pattern and other characters -Indeterminate (Racemose), Determinate (Cymose), Mixed inflorescence and Special inflorescence
• Racemose Inflorescence
  1) Main axis elongated - Simple raceme, Spike, Spikelet, Catkin, Spadix and Pancile
  2) Main axis shortened - Corymb, Umbel
  3) Main axis flattened - Head, 
• Cymose inflorescence - 
  1) Simple cyme (solitary)
  2) Monochasial Cyme (uniparous) - Helicoid and Scorpioid
  3) Simple dichasium (Biparous)
  4) Compound dichasium:
  5) Polychasial Cyme (multiparous)
• Mixed Inflorescence
  1) Thyrsus
  2) Verticillaster
• Special Inflorescence
  1) Cyathium
  2) Hypanthodium
  3) Coenanthium

• Flower
• Whorls of flower - Complete and Incomplete
• Flower sex 
  1) Perfect or bisexual
  2) Imperfect or unisexual: Staminate and Pistillate flowers
• Plant sex
  1) Hermaphroditic
  2) Monoecious
  3) Dioecious
  4) Polygamous
• Flower symmetry
  1) Actinomorphic (or) radial or polysymmetric
  2) Zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry) or monosymmetric
  3) Asymmetric (amorphic)
• Types of Flower
  1) Types of flower depending upon the number of floral appendages
  i) Trimerous
  ii) Tetramerous
  iii) Pentamerous
  2) Types of flowers depending on presence of bracts
  i) Bracteate
  ii) Ebracteate
  3) Types of flower based on the position of calyx, corolla and androecium in respect of the ovary on thalamus
  i) Hypogynous
  ii) Perigynous
  iii) Epigynous

• Fusion of stamens
• Arrangement of stamens relate to length of stamens
• Anther types
• Anther attachment

• Number of carpel
• Fusion of carpels
• Number of locules
• Extension of the condensed internode of the receptacle
• Ovary position
• Perianth / Androecial position on thalamus

• Structure of Fruit
• Types of Fruit

1. Simple Fruits
2. Aggregate Fruits
3. Multiple or Composite Fruit

• Functions of Fruit

• The seed
• Types of seed
  A) Based on the number of cotyledons two types of seeds are recognized.
  (i) Dicotyledonous seed
  (ii) Monocotyledonous seed
  B) Based on the presence or absence of the endosperm the seed is of two types. 
  (i) Albuminous or Endospermous seed
  (ii) Ex-albuminous or non- endospermous seed
• Significance of Seeds

• Taxonomy
• Systematics
• Classification of Taxonomy

1. Plant Taxonomy
2. Animal Taxonomy

• Taxon

• Types of Species

1. Morphological Species (Taxonomic species)
2. Biological Species (Isolation Species)
3. Phylogenetic Species

• ICN Principles 
• Codes of Nomenclature
• Vernacular names (Common names)
• Scientific Names / Botanical Names

• Taxonomical Aids
• Usage of Taxonomical Aids

1. Herbarium
2. Botanical Gardens
3. Biological museums
4. Zoological Parks
5. Key
6. Molecular taxonomy
7. Automated species identification tools

• Preparation of herbarium Specimen
• Uses of Herbarium

• Artificial system of classification
• Natural system
• Phylogenetic system of classification 
• Angiosperm phylogeny group (APG) classification

• Chemotaxonomy 
• Biosystematics
• Karyotaxonomy
• Serotaxonomy (Immunotaxonomy)
• Molecular taxonomy (molecular systematics / molecular phylogenetics)
• DNA Barcoding
• Differences between classical and modern taxonomy

• Family: Fabaceae (Pea family)
• Family: Solanaceae (Potato Family / Night shade family)
• Family: Liliaceae (Lily Family)

• Bright field Microscope
• Electron Microscope

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
• Exception to Cell Theory 
• Protoplasm Theory
• Cell sizes and shapes

• Prokaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic Cells 
• Mesokaryotes Cells

• Ultra Structure of an Eukaryotic Cell
• Protoplasm
• Difference between plant and animal cells 
• Cell Wall
• Cell Membrane

• Endomembrane System
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Body (Dictyosomes)
• Mitochondria
• Plastids
• Ribosome
• Lysosomes (Suicidal Bags of Cell)
• Microbodies
• Peroxisomes
• Glyoxysomes
• Sphaerosomes
• Centrioles 
• Vacuoles

• Prokaryotic Flagellum
• Eukaryotic Flagellum– Cell Motility

• Amitosis (Direct Cell Division)
• Mitosis
• Closed and Open Mitosis
• Cytokinesis
• Significance of Mitosis
• Meiosis

• Meiosis I-Reduction Division

• Significance of Meiosis

• Chemistry of Water
• Properties of Water

• Proteins
• Based on our nutritional requirements, amino acids are classified as:
  1) Non-essential amino acids 
  2) Essential amino acids
• Functions of proteins
• Bonding and protein structure
  1) Peptide bond of proteins or polypeptides
• Classification of proteins
  1) Primary (Basic) structures
  2) Secondary structure
  3) Tertiary structure
  4) Quaternary structure
• Amino acids

• Introduction
• Types of Meristematic Tissue

1. Epidermal tissue system
2. Ground tissue system
3. Vascular tissue system

• Introduction to Tissue System, Types and Characteristics of tissue System

• Primary Structure of Dicot Root – Bean Root
• Piliferous Layer or Epiblema
• Cortex
• Stele
• Pericycle
• Vascular System
• Primary Structure of Monocot 

• Root-maize Root

• Primary Structure of Monocot 

• Extrastelar Ground Tissue
• Intrastelar Ground Tissue
• Different Components of Ground Tissue Systems
• Endodermis
• Pericycle
• Pith or Medulla

• Vascular Cambium
• Origin and Formation of Vascular 
• Organization of Vascular Cambium
• Storied (Stratified cambium) and Non-Storied (Non-stratified cambium)
• Activity of Vascular Cambium
• Dendroclimatology
• Tyloses
• Secondary Phloem
• Periderm
• Bark
• Lenticel

• Differences Between Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem and Root

• Surface Transport

1. Pack Animals
2. Bullock Carts
3. Road Transport
4. Motor Lorries and Buses
5. Tramways
6. Railway Transport

• Water Transport

1. Inland Waterways
2. Ocean Waterways

• Air Transport

• Passive Transport

• Characteristics of diffusion
• Significance of diffusion in Plants

1. Channel Protein
2. Carrier Protein

• Active Transport

• Absorption of Water
• Path of Water Across Root Cells
• Mechanism of Water Absorption

1. Root Pressure Theory (Vital Theory)
2. Capillarity theory (physical force theory)
3. Cohesion-tension theory (Transpiration pull theory)
4. Adhesion

• Path of Translocation
• Ringing or girdling experiment
• Direction of Translocation
• Source and Sink
• Phloem Loading
• Phloem Unloading
• Mechanism of Translocation

• Passive Absorption
• Active Absorption
• Donnan equilibrium

• Critical Concentration 
• Mineral Toxicity

• Non – Biological nitrogen fixation
• Biological nitrogen fixation

• Saprophytic mode of nutrition in angiosperms
• Parasitic mode of nutrition in angiosperms
•  Symbiotic mode of Nutrition
•  Insectivorous mode of nutrition

• Definition of Photosynthesis
• Significance of Photosynthesis
• Site of Photosynthesis

• Chlorophyll
• Phycobilins

• Absorption Spectrum
• Action Spectrum

• Red Drop or Emerson’s First Effect
• Emerson’s Enhancement Effect
• Hill’s Reaction

• Photosystem and Reaction Centre

• Photolysis of Water
• Electron Transport Chain of Chloroplast

• Phase 1- Carboxylation (Fixation)
• Phase 2 – Glycolytic Reversal / Reduction
• Phase 3 – Regeneration

• Stage: I Mesophyll Cells
• Stage: II Bundle Sheath Cells
• Significance of C4 cycle

• Significance of photorespiration
• Carbon Dioxide Compensation Point

• Blackman - Law of limiting factors
• Factors affecting photosynthesis

1. External Factors:
   1) Availability of sunlight
   2) Temperature
   3) Water
   4) Humidity
   5) CO₂ Concentration [atmospheric]
   6) O₂ availability
2. Internal Factors:
   1) Number of leaves
   2) Size of leaves
   3) Leaf age
   4) Orientation of leaves
   5) Mesophyll cells and chloroplasts
   6) Internal CO₂ concentration
   7) Anatomy of leaf

• Respiration
• Compensation point

• Classical ideas of redox reactions
• Redox reaction in terms of electron transfer

• Glycolysis
• Pyruvate Oxidation (Link reaction)
• Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle
• Electron Transport Chain (ETC)(Terminal oxidation)

• Cellular respiration
• Types of cellular respiration

1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration

• Aerobic respiration in plant/animal
• Anaerobic respiration in plant/animal
• Differences in anaerobic respiration in plants and animals

• Auxins
• Gibberellins
• Cytokinins (Cytos – cell, Kinesis – division)
• Ethylene (Gaseous Phytohormone)
• Abscisic Acid (ABA) (Stress Phyto hormone)

• Photoperiodism

1. Short Day Plants (SDP)
2. Long Day Plants (LDP)
3. Day Neutral Plants (DNP)

• Phytochrome

• Vernalization
• Advantages of vernalization

• Process of Seed and Fruit Development  
• Significance of seed and fruit formation
• Dormancy

• Diversity in the Living World
• Biodiversity
• Types of Biodiversity

1. Genetic Biodiversity
2. Species Biodiversity
3. Ecological Biodiversity

• Taxonomy
• Systematics
• Classification of Taxonomy

1. Plant Taxonomy
2. Animal Taxonomy

• Three Domains of life

• Domain Archaea
• Domain Bacteria
• Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)

• Taxon

• The classical taxonomical tools
• Molecular taxonomical tools
• Automated species identification tools

• Levels of organisation

• Cellular level of organisation
• Tissue level of organisation
• Organ system level of organisation

• Diploblastic and Triploblastic organisation
• Patterns of symmetry
• Coelom
• Segmentation and Notochord

• Parazoa
• Eumetazoa

1. Radiata
2. Bilateria

• Division 1: Protostomia
• Division 2: Deuterostomia 

• Earthworms
• Classification of earthworm
• Economic importance of earthworm

• Cockroach - Periplaneta americana
• Biological classification of cockroach
• Various kinds of cockroaches

• Frog - Rana hexadactyla
• Biological classification of frog
• Differences between a Frog and Toad
• Economic importance of frog

• Structure of the alimentary canal
• Histology of the Gut
• Digestive glands

• Digestion in the buccal cavity
• Digestion in the stomach
• Digestion in the small intestine

• Absorption
• It is carried out by various processes:

1. Passive Absorption
   ⇒ Process
   a) Simple diffusion
   b) Osmosis
   c) Facilitated transport
2. Active absorption

• Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol
• Absorption in different parts of the alimentary canal
• Assimilation

• Human Respiratory System

• Mechanism of Respiration
• Steps of Respiration

• Exchange of Gases - in Humans

• Transport of oxygen
• Transport of Carbon–dioxide

• Neural control
  1) Respiratory rhythm centre
  2) Pneumotaxic centre
• Chemical Control
  1) Chemosensitive Area
  2) Chemoreceptors

Disorders of the respiratory system

• Emphysema
• Chronic bronchitis
• Acute bronchitis
• Sinusitis
• Laryngitis
• Pneumonia
• Asthma
• Occupational Respiratory Disorderssilicosis, asbestosis

• Plasma
• Formed elements

• Red blood cells

• Blood groups

• ABO blood grouping

• Coagulation of blood
• Composition of lymph and its functions

• Blood Vessels: Structure and Functions
• Capillaries

• Types of Closed Circulation:

1. Single circulation
2. Double circulation
   - Systemic circulation
   - Pulmonary circulation
   - Coronary circulation

• Hepatic Portal System

• Disorders of the Circulatory System:

1. Hypertension/ High blood pressure: Normal blood pressure
2. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Atherosclerosis
3. Angina / Angina pectoris
4. Heart Failure: Myocardial infarction (Heart failure), Cardiac arrest, Heart attack, Stroke
5. Rheumatoid Heart Disease

• Modes of Excretion

1. Ammonotelism
2. Ureotelism 
3. Uricotelism 

• Nephridiopores
• Types of nephridia

1. Protonephridia
2. Metanephridia

• Introduction
• Human Excretory System Organs
• Excretion in Humans
• Mechanism of Excretion in Humans
• Dialysis

• Ultrafiltration
• Reabsorption
• Tubular secretion (Renal Secretion)
• Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
• Collecting duct

• Osmoregulation
• Regulation of Kidney Function

1. Renin-Angiotensin,
2. Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
3. ADH and Diabetes Inspidus

• Urine

• Excretory role of skin
• Excretory role of lungs
• Excretory role of liver

• Kidney stones
• Uremia
• Nephritis
• Renal Failure
• Diabetes
• Urinary tract infection
• Haemodialysis
• Peritoneal dialysis 
• Kidney transplant
• Renal Calculi
• Glomerulonephritis

• Types of movement
  1) Amoeboid movement
  2) Ciliary movement
  3) Muscular movement

• Structure of a skeletal muscle fibre

• Structure of Contractile Proteins

1. Actin filament
2. Myosin filament

• Mechanism of muscle contraction
• Steps of muscle contraction

• Isotonic contraction
• Isometric contraction

• The Skull 
• The Vertebral Column
• The Sternum (Chest bone)
• The Rib cage

• The Upper limb
• The Lower limb
• Structure of a typical long bone

• Synarthroses
• Sutures
• Syndesmoses
• Gomphoses
  A. Cartilagenous or slightly movable joints - Synchondroses, Symphysis
  B. Synovial joints or freely movable joints - Pivot joint, Ball and socket joint, Hinge joint, Condyloid joint, Gliding joint, Saddle joint.

• Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System -

1. Myasthenia gravis
2. Tetany
3. Muscular dystrophy
4. Arthritis
5. Osteoporosis
6. Gout

1. Health Benefits
   (a) Reduces risk of Cardiovascular Disease
   (b) Weight Management
   (c) Strengthens Bones and Muscles
   (d) Reduces risk of some Cancers
   (e) Reduces risk of Falls
2. Provides Stress Relief
3. Increases Happiness
4. Promotes Self-Efficacy
5. Promotes Social Cohesion
6. Enhances Value Orientation
7. Cognitive Benefits
   (a) Attention Control
   (b) Improves Memory
8. Mental Health Benefits
   (a) Exercise as therapy for emotional disorder
   (b) Fitness as moderator of life stress
   (c) Runners High
   
9. Psychological Well-being
10. Personality Enhancement
11. Develops Leadership Qualities
12. Special Population
    (a) Clinical Population
    (b) Elderly Population

• Central Nervous System
• Different regions of Brain and its functions

• Reflexes
• Types of actions

1. Voluntary actions 
2. Involuntary actions

• Photoreceptor - Eye
• Phonoreceptor
• Olfactory receptors

Human Endocrine System

• Properties of Hormones 
• Mechanism of hormone action 

• Mechanism of Hormone Action
• Hormones and their types
• Target cells have specific receptors

• Vermicomposting
• Advantages of Using Vermicompost

• Introduction
• The Life Cycle of Silk Worm

• Advantages of Aquaponic gardening

• Fish culture
• Prawn Culture 
• Pearl Culture

• Poultry Farming
• Duck Farming