- Solid to Liquid (Melting): Heating a solid increases particle energy, causing it to overcome rigid bonds and turn into a liquid. For example, ice melting into water.
- Liquid to Gas (Boiling/Evaporation): Further heating makes particles move faster, breaking free from liquid bonds and forming a gas. For example, water boiling into steam.
- Gas to Liquid (Condensation): Cooling a gas reduces particle energy, allowing it to condense into a liquid. For example, steam turning into water droplets.
- Liquid to Solid (Freezing): Cooling a liquid slows down particle motion, forming rigid bonds and turning it into a solid. For example, water freezing into ice.
Topics
Matter
- Matter (Substance)
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- States of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Heat and change of physical state
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Concept of Evaporation
Physical Quantities and Measurement
- Density and It’s Unit
- Vessels for Measuring the Volume
- Measurement of Density
- Determination of Density of a Regular Solid
- Determination of Density of an Irregular Solid
- Determination of Density of a Liquid
- Determination of Density of a Liquid Using the Density Bottle
- Relative Density and Its Unit
- Measurement of Relative Density
- Measurement of Relative Density of a Liquid
- Density of a Substance in Its Different States
- Buoyancy Force (Upthrust Force)
- Principle of Floatation (Laws of Flotation)
- Law of Floatation
- Applications of Floatation
Force and Pressure
- Force
- Moment (Turning Effect) of a Force Or Torque
- Moment of Force Or Torque
- Thrust and Pressure
- The Effect of Thrust
- Factors Affecting Pressure
- Pressure of liquid
- Factors Affecting Liquid Pressure
- Consequences of Liquid Pressure
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Standard Value of Atmospheric Pressure
- Application of Atmospheric Pressure
Energy
- Concept of Work
- Concept of Work
- Measurement of Work
- Energy
- Mechanical Energy
- Potential Energy (U)
- Types of Potential Energy
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Kinetic Energy (K)
- Types of Kinetic Energy
- Conversion of Potential Energy into Kinetic Energy
- Transformation of Energy
- Forms of Energy
- Power
- Factors Affecting the Power of a Source
Light Energy
- Speed of Light
- Introduction to Refraction of Light
- Some Terms Related to Refraction of Light
- Effects of Refraction
- Atmospheric Refraction
- Application of Atmospheric Refraction
- Refraction of Light Through a Rectangular Glass Slab
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Dispersion of Light and Its Causes
- Prism
- Dispersion of Light Through Prism and Formation of Spectrum
- Spherical Mirrors
- Rules for the Construction of Image Formed by a Spherical Mirror
- Formation of Image by Reflection: Real and Virtual Image
- Convex Mirror
- Image Formation by Convex Mirror
- Concave Mirror
- Image Formation by Concave Mirror
Heat Transfer
- Heat and Its Unit
- Effects of Heat
- Effect of Temperature on Molecular Motion
- Change of Liquid into Vapour State
- Expansion of Substances (Thermal Expansion)
- Expansion of Solids
- Expansion of Liquids
- Expansion of Gases
- Variation of Density with Temperature
Sound
- Sound
- Production of Sound
- Propagation of Sound
- Characteristics of a Sound Wave
- Representation of a Wave
- Properties of Sounds
- Loudness and Intensity
- Pitch (or shrillness) and frequency
- Quality (Or Timbre) and Wave Form
- Monotone
- Making a Musical Toy
Electricity
Household Electricity
- Electricity
- Electrical Energy and Power Consumed in a Circuit
- Transmission of Power from the Power Generating Station to the Consumer
- Colour Coding of Live, Neutral, and Earth Wires
- Electric Meter
- Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy
- Electric Fuse
- Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
- Household Electrical Circuits
- Electric Circuit in a Room
- Earthing (Grounding)
- Power Rating of Appliances
- Household Consumption of Electric Energy
- Dangers of Electricity
- Precautions to Be Taken While Using Electricity
Static Electricity
- Static Electricity
- Electric Charge
- Types of Charges and Their Interaction
- Transfer of Charges
- Conductors and Insulators
- Methods of Charging a Conductor
- Electroscope
- Lightning and Lightning Safety
Effects of heat:
Heat has significant effects on matter, influencing its physical properties and state. The two main effects of heat are
1. Expansion and Contraction
- When matter is heated, its particles gain energy and vibrate more vigorously. This increased motion causes the particles to move apart, resulting in thermal expansion.
- When matter is cooled, its particles lose energy and move closer together, leading to thermal contraction.
2. Change of State: Heat can cause matter to change from one state to another by altering the energy of particles.
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