Topics
Map Work
Interpretation of Topographical Maps
- Map as a Tool
- Uses of Maps
- The Role of Standard Signs and Symbols in Map Interpretation
- Types of Maps
- Topographic or Ordnance Survey Maps
- Grid Reference
- Types of Grid References
- National Grid Reference
Contours
- Representation of Relief Features
- Contour
- Contour Interval
- Identification of Landforms Marked by Contours
- Drawing of Contours and Their Cross Sections
- Conventional Signs and Symbols
- Features on a Topo-sheet
Geography of India
Scales and Direction
- Map Scale
- Types of Scale
- Measuring Distance on the Map Using Scales
- Map - Direction
Map Reading and Interpretation
- Map Reading
- Primary Information or Marginal Information
- Relief Features
- Relationship Between Physical Features and Human Activities
- Analysis of Topo-sheet No. G43S7
- Analysis of Topo-sheet No. G43S10
Map of India
- Map of India
- Mountains, Peaks, Passes, and Plateaus
- Plains
- Desert
- Rivers and Water Bodies
- Indian - Location, Size and Extent
- Direction of Winds
- Distribution of Minerals and Ores
- Soil Distribution
- Indian Cities
- Distribution of Population
Location, Extent and Physical Features
- India: a Subcontinent
- Indian - Location, Size and Extent
- India’s Land and Water Frontiers
- India and the World
- Physical Features of India
- Physical Divisions of India
- The North Indian Mountains
- The Himalayas
- Characteristics of Himalayas
- Significance of the Great Northern Wall
- North Indian Plains
- Significance of the Northern Indian Plains
- The Peninsular Indian Plateau
- Drainage Systems in the Peninsular India
- Significance of the Peninsular Plateau
- The Indian Coastal Plains
- Significance of the Coastal Plains
- The Indian Islands
Climate
Soil Resources
- Introduction to Soils
- Types of Soils in India
- Alluvial Soil
- Black Soil
- Red Soil
- Laterite Soils
- Soil Erosion
- Causes of Soil Erosion
- Prevention of Soil Erosion
- Soil Conservation
- Types of Soil
Natural Vegetation
- Natural Vegetation
- Importance of Forest
- Natural Vegetation of India
- Tropical Evergreen or Rain Forests
- Tropical Deciduous Forest
- Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs
- Mangrove Forests (Tidal Forest)
- Mountain or Montane Forest
- Correlation of the Natural Vegetation (Forest) with the Environment
- Forest Conservation
- Measures of Forest Conservation
Water Resources
- Sources of Water Resources
- Need for Conservation and Management of Water
- Water Conservation Practices
- Irrigation in India
- Sources of Irrigation in India
- Well Irrigation
- Tubewell Irrigation
- Canal Irrigation
- Tank Irrigation
- Modern Irrigation Methods
- Drawbacks of Conventional Methods of Irrigation
Mineral Resources
- Mineral Resources
- Mineral Resource - Iron Ore
- Mineral Resource - Manganese
- Mineral Resource - Copper
- Mineral Resource - Bauxite
Conventional Sources of Energy
- Conventional Sources of Energy
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Coal
- Petroleum
- Oil Refineries
- Natural Gas
- Concept of Hydel Power
Non-conventional Sources of Energy
- Solar Energy
- Tidal Energy
- Geothermal Energy
- Nuclear Power
- Biogas Plant
Agriculture - I
- Concept of Indian Agriculture (Importance, Problems and Reforms)
- Types of Farming
Agriculture - II: Food Crops
- Concept of Agricultural Seasons (Rabi, Kharif, Zayad).
- Climatic Conditions of Crops
- Concept of Soil Requirements
- Methods of Cultivation of Crops
- Processing and Distribution of the Crops
Agriculture - III: Cash Crops (1)
- Cash Crops
- Climatic Conditions of Crops
- Concept of Soil Requirements
- Methods of Cultivation of Crops
- Processing and Distribution of the Crops
Agriculture - IV: Cash Crops (2)
- Climatic Conditions of Crops
- Concept of Soil Requirements
- Methods of Cultivation of Crops
- Processing and Distribution of the Crops
Manufacturing Industries (Agro-based)
- Industrialisation in India
- Factors Affecting Location of Industries
- Classification of Industries
- Major Industrial Regions:
- Agro-Based Industries
- Cotton Textile
- Silk Textile Industry
Mineral Based Industry
- Mineral Based Industry – Iron and Steel (Tisco, Bhilai, Rourkela,Vishakhapatnam)
- Petrochemical Industry
- Electronics
Transport
- Importance and Modes Transport - Roadways, Railways, Airways and Waterways
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Transport
Waste Management - I: Impact of Waste Accumulation
- Sources of Waste
- Impact of Waste Accumulation - Spoilage of Landscape
- Impact of Waste Accumulation - Pollution
- Impact of Waste Accumulation - Health Hazards
- Effect on Terrestrial, Aquatic (Fresh Water and Marine) Life
- Need for Waste Management
- Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
- Acid Rain
- Soil Health
Waste Management - II: Safe Disposal of Waste
- Methods of Safe Disposal - Segregation, Dumping and Composting
- Need and Methods for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Waste.
- Introduction
- Characteristics of CNG
Introduction:
Natural gas is an important fossil fuel found underground, often along with petroleum in oil wells. Sometimes, it is also found on its own. The main component of natural gas is methane (CH₄), with small amounts of ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), and butane (C₄H₁₀).
- Natural gas forms from the remains of buried organisms, which get exposed to high pressure over time. It can be transported through gas pipelines over long distances.
- When pipelines are not available, it is converted into CNG (compressed natural gas) or LNG (liquefied natural gas), making it easier to store and transport.
Characteristics of CNG:
- It catches fire easily.
- No solid waste is left after burning.
- Produces only small amounts of carbon dioxide and water.
- It doesn’t release harmful pollutants.
- Easy to transport.
- Combustion can be controlled easily.
The Energy Crisis: As the population grows, the demand for fossil fuels like natural gas, oil, and coal rises. However, these fuels are limited and may eventually run out, leading to an energy crisis. To address this, people are turning to alternative fuels, such as:
- Hydrogen
- Biofuels
- Methanol (wood alcohol)
- Ethanol (green alcohol)
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