Question

Answer the following question in 150 to 200 words with reference to the given points:

Explain in detail the factors influencing Indian foreign policy.

1. Geography
2. History
3. Economy
4. Polity
5. International System

Answer 1

An important objective of Indian foreign policy is to maintain international peace and security. It has been incorporated as a directive principle of state policy in Part IV, Article 51 of the Constitution of India, which states that the Government of India shall strive for the promotion and maintenance of international peace and security since independence. India aspired to emerge as a major power and play an influential role in international politics.

1. Geography: India's strategic location, with the Himalayas in the north and a vast coastline in the south, plays a crucial role in its foreign relations. Proximity to China and neighboring South Asian countries influences its policies, while India's dominance in the Indian Ocean enhances its regional importance.

2. History: India's anti-colonial stance stems from its past under British rule, shaping its opposition to imperialism and racism. Traditional values of peaceful coexistence and cultural ties with West Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia also impact its diplomatic approach.

3. Economy: Initially, India prioritized self-reliance, non-alignment, and public sector dominance, rejecting conditional aid. However, with economic liberalization in 1991, India embraced globalization, privatization, and liberalization, altering its economic policies.

4. Polity: The Council of Ministers formulates foreign policy, while Parliament oversees it. Political leadership plays a key role, with Jawaharlal Nehru shaping India's non-alignment stance. The Ministry of External Affairs and National Security Advisor are also instrumental in policy-making.

5. International System: During the Cold War, India's policies were influenced by the bipolar world order. Post-Cold War, India's foreign relations evolved, strengthening ties with the United States, China, and Russia while adapting to regional and global changes.