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प्रश्न
Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it.
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How does one tackle social problems? How do societies deal with the social problems that they have to confront? Why do social problems arise? These are some questions that learners of Sociology need to address. Societies have cultures; both of these are created by people, cumulatively, through the network of relationships over thousands of years. Every society has its normative system – customs, folkways, fashions, mores, taboos, fads, and laws. Social norms are guidelines for human behaviour. They tell us what is expected of us and at the same time, what to expect from others. Are these expectations permanent and unchanging? When can they change? Who changes them? Why must they change? Again, these are questions that one might ask. Social problems can arise when the expectations are not communicated effectively, or when individuals or groups choose to disagree with the expectation. This can lead to situations of conflict – not just ideological but also conflict that leads to hurting others’ sentiments, abuse, violence, injustice, upheavals, normlessness, and even war. |
- What do you understand by normative aspects of culture, are these expectations permanent? When do they change?
- How does the social norm regulate behaviours?
- Which situations can lead to social problems?
- What kind of topics are studied in Sociology?
उत्तर
- The normative aspects of culture consists of customs, folkways, fashions, mores, taboos, fads, laws. Social norms are guidelines for human behaviour. They tell us what is expected of us and at the same time, what to expect from others. These expectations are not permanent as appropriate and inappropriate behaviour often changes dramatically from one generation to the next. Norms can and do change over time. Karl Marx believed that norms are used to promote the creation of roles in society which allows people of different levels of social class structure to be able to function properly, hence any change in social structure may lead to change in normative aspect of culture.
- Social norms regulate behaviour by specifying what is expected from oneself as well as others. In other words, they serve as a guideline for behaviour.
- When behavioural expectations are not communicated appropriately or when a certain group of individuals do not agree with these expectations, it leads to conflicts and thereby, social problems.
- Topics studied in Sociology are as follows:
- Prevalent norms in the society and changes in them
- Causes of social problems
- Ways of tackling social problems
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Read the following passage and answer the question based on it.
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This is the real-life story of Rukmini Devi who lives in a small hut in Gaigotha Village in Wada Taluka of Palghar District in Maharashtra State. She belongs to the Warli tribe. Her husband is a marginal farmer who cultivates on two acres of land. They have two children, one daughter aged 10 years and a son aged 6 years. Both the children walk to school and back daily (located about 3 miles away). When cultivation season is over, (or if the rice crop is damaged due to heavy rains or pests) they face many hardships. A section of the crop is kept for their personal use, for the year. Tur Dal (lentil) is also grown in one small area, again for personal use. In a small backyard, they grow vegetables like chilies, cucumber, and bitter gourd (karela). During the off-season, both husband and wife go to the brick kilns (about 7 miles away) to do piece-rate work (That is, they get paid for each brick that they make). While the men earn Rs. 300 per day, the women earn Rs. 150-200. Rukmini Devi stated that they prefer to walk the 7 miles both ways because the bus fare is Rs. 35/- per head one way. They cannot afford it. |
- Identify any three problems that the family of Rukmini Devi has to face.
- Point out and discuss briefly, gender discrimination in this setting.
Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it.
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Indian society is a melting pot of cultures. The history of Indian society gives enough evidence of the process of accommodation. From early times migrants integrated into Indian society and influenced its culture. Our historical past is testimony to this fact of cultural diffusion. Today, we describe our society as a composite whole that includes tribal, rural and urban communities. The way of life in these segments has their unique characteristics. However, it is also an observation that no one segment, or community can be seen in its “pure” state. On the one hand there is interdependence between communities and on the other this would imply a certain extent of loss of cultural elements such as language, beliefs, customary practices etc. Have we not seen how, for example, Warli or Madhubani Art has made it to T-shirts and wall hangings in many urban households? Also, how technology has reached the remotest corners of our country? A question that may cross your mind may be, ‘Is there anything such as ‘pure’ culture? What constitutes “Indian culture”? ‘Can cultural extremism be valuable in the present world? These questions are valid as they set us thinking. Perhaps there is no single “answer”?
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- State the different communities or people living in Indian society.
- Why is no community seen in its ‘pure’ state?
- Give two examples to show that no community is in pure state.
Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it.
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The causes of disharmony and strife are several-fold. Resistance to social change is one among many. Problems of contemporary Indian society include domestic violence, sexual abuse, child rights, problems of senior citizens, migrants, ethnocentrism, religious fundamentalism, linguistic fanaticism, environmental degradation, substance abuse and addiction to devices, mob lynching and so on. Given the varied types of social problems and their changing nature, there emerges a need to examine them in a scientific manner. The applicability of Sociology in its widest sense, includes the exploration of various themes that cut across fields such Masculinity Studies, Minority Studies, Film and Media Studies, Sociology of Sports, Environmental Sociology, Forensic Sociology, Gerontology, Sociology of Music, Medical Sociology, Marketing Sociology and so on. Various government departments and voluntary organisations include sociologists on their panels to help steer policies and programmes. As Sociology is a people-centred discipline, it tends to create awareness and dialogue regarding human relationships. This is a valuable asset in governance and conflict resolution. |
- Identify the problems faced by women in contemporary Indian society.
- How does the knowledge of Sociology assist the government?
- Give two examples of social problems and the field of Sociology that is associated with it.
Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it.
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Given below is a make-believe scenario. Yogini and Yogita are twins of the Patkar family who live in a small room measuring 225 sq. ft. in a small town. Yogini is brilliant in studies and Kabbadi. Yogita is an outstanding cricketer who represents the Western India region; she also was a topper in the State-level Marathi language Competition. Their parents come from a small village in Marathwada; they were farmers. For the sake of their daughters, they shifted to a small town to facilitate their children’s further education and sports training. Their relatives and others in their village have heard of the Patkar girl’s’ success and are also encouraged to send their children to big cities with the hope that they too will become successful and famous one day. Today, if one visits the village you will notice that in many homes, there are only the elderly folk. The youth seem to have migrated to better their prospects. Can you imagine the effect of such migration on the local village community? |
- What are the challenges faced by rural people while sending their children for higher education?
- State the common strengths of Yogini and Yogita.
- State any two effects of migration on both, villages and cities.
Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it.
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Read the make-believe speech made by a representative of the Governing Body to its Executive Committee meeting, in a well-known international firm located in Pune. “Good morning. The Board of Directors has asked me to communicate with you all a policy decision that has been taken by the higher management. Two policies have been taken by our company. One, there shall be a confidential, two-way appraisal of all employees from the coming financial year. Every employee will be assessed by one’s immediate senior, one’s team members and by oneself through self– appraisal. Juniors will also assess the seniors to whom they report. There are specific criteria on which assessment will take place. A second policy decision is for the company to make every effort to ‘Go Green’ in keeping with the international commitment towards a cleaner and greener environment. You may please share this decision to members of your respective departments today, through our eportal systems. Feedback from all employees are welcome but they must be made within a week from today, to the Human Resource Department, via the e-portal.” |
- What is meant by two-way appraisal?
- Suggest three ways that a company can adopt to ‘Go Green’
- What is the need to ‘Go Green’?
Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it.
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Read the make - believe speech made by a representative of the Governing Body to its Executive Committee meeting, in a well - known international firm located in Pune. "Good Morning. The Board of Directors has asked me to communicate with you all a policy decision that has been taken by the higher management. Two policies have been taken by our company. One, there shall be a confidential, two - way appraisal of all employees from the coming financial year. Every employee will be assessed by one's immediate senior, one's team members and by oneself through self- appraisal. Juniors will also assess the senior, to whom they report. There are specific criteria on which assessment will take place. A second policy decision is for the company to make every effort to 'Go Green' in keeping with the international commitment towards a cleaner and greener environment. You may please share this decision to members of your respective departments today, through our e -portal systems. Feedback from all employees are welcome but they must be made within a week from today, to the Human Resource Department, via the e - portal." |
- How are the policies adopted by the Board of Directors beneficial?
- In what ways can you promote, "Go Green" in your community?
Read the following passage and answer the question given below:
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Education, since the coming of the British to India, has been secular in content. By this we mean the content of education did not include the study of sacred texts. Schools were open for all to learn and climb the ladder of vertical mobility. The study of the English language as well as the opportunity to study in the English medium was available. It is true that several Indians from certain social and economic strata were the first to access an English education. Many of them later constituted the intelligentsia of our society. They worked for religious, social, and educational reform in Indian society. Educational opportunities have grown by leaps and bounds in the last 73 years since Independence. One questions if the educated have merely acquired education or if the education has helped citizens become gainfully employed and more importantly, enlightened enough to transform society at the micro level. It is necessary for the government to consider the interests of all sections of society. Each citizen can play a dynamic role in the development of all people in our society. |
- Explain: English education is a must in day-to-day life.
- Each citizen can play a dynamic role in the development of all people in our society. Explain.
Read the passage and write the answer to the questions:
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Indian society is a melting pot of cultures. The history of Indian society gives enough evidence of the process of accommodation. From early times migrants integrated into Indian society and influenced its culture. Our historical past is testimony to this fact of cultural diffusion. Today, we describe our society as a composite whole that includes tribal, rural, and urban communities. The way of life in these segments has its unique characteristics there is interdependence between communities and on the other, this would imply a certain extent of loss of cultural elements such as language, beliefs, customary practices, etc. Have we not seen how, for example, Warli or Madhubani Art has made it to T-shirts and wall hangings in many households? Also, how technology has reached the remotest comer of our country? A question that may cross your mind may be, ‘Is there anything such as ‘pure’ culture? What constitutes “Indian culture”? Can cultural extremism be valuable in the present world? These questions are valid as they set us thinking Perhaps there is no single “answer”? |
- Cultural extremism is valuable in the present world. Explain it in a positive and negative way.
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The changes take place in culture and affect each other, explain.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
|
How does one tackle social problems? How do societies deal with the social problems that they have to confront? Why do social problems arise? These are some questions that learners of sociology need to address. Societies have cultures; both of these are created by people, cumulatively, through the network of relationships over thousands of years. Every society has its normative system – customs, folkways, fashions, mores, taboos, fads, and laws. Social norms are guidelines for human behaviour. They tell us what is expected of us and at the same time, what to expect from others. Are these expectations permanent and unchanging? When can they change? Who changes them? Why must they change? Again, these are questions that one might ask. Social problems can arise when the expectations are not communicated effectively or when individuals or groups choose to disagree with the expectation. This can lead to situations of conflict not just ideological but also conflict that leads to hurting others' sentiments, abuse, violence, injustice, upheavals, normlessness, and even war. |
- How do social norms guide your behaviours?
- ‘Conflict arises due to differences in culture’ - justify the statement.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
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Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a Government of India programme that makes education for children between ages 6-14 free and compulsory. This programme was pioneered by former Indian Prime Minister, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1993-94. It became totally operational since 2000-2001. This programme made education a Fundamental Right. Along with this, the Government of India also launched the National Programme of Nutritional support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) on 15th August 1995. From here emerged the concept of free 'Midday Meal' for children going to schools which were managed by local bodies like Gram Panchayats and Municipal Corporations. The 'Midday Meal' is mandatory. It is taken for granted that the children should be given good, nutritious food on a daily basis. A lot of organisation goes into the cooking and delivering these meals to the schools, on time. Universal Education goes hand in hand with Nutrition. Children of the village and municipal schools look forward to this meal. For several of them it is perhaps the main meal of the day. |
Questions:
- Do you think Primary Education should be made compulsory?
- What is the importance of 'Midday Meal' in Primary Education?
