Social Science SSLC (English Medium) Class 9 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2024-25

• The Age of Speculation 
• Scientific Foundations of Geology, Biology and Archaeology

• Human Evolution and Migration
• Prehistoric Cultures
• Earliest Lithic Assemblages of Human Ancestors
• Lower Paleolithic Culture
• Middle Paleolithic Culture
• Upper Paleolithic Culture
• Mesolithic Culture
• Neolithic Culture and the Beginning of Agriculture

• Lower Paleolithic Culture in Tamil Nadu
• Middle Paleolithic Culture in Tamil Nadu
• Mesolithic Culture in Tamil Nadu
• Neolithic Culture in Tamil Nadu
• Iron Age/Megalithic period
• Megalithic Burial Types

1. Agriculture and Pastoralism
2. Iron Age Society and Polity
3. Pottery
4. Iron Technology and Metal Tools

• Geography of Egyptian Civilisation
• Pharaohs, Society and Administration
• Agriculture and Trade
• Art and Architecture
• Religion
• Philosophy, Science and Literature
• Writing System
• Characteristics and Contributions of the Egyptian Civilisation

• Geography
• The Sumerians
• The Akkadians
• The Babylonians
• The Assyrians
• Society, State and Administration 
• Food and Agriculture
• Trade and Exchange
• Cities and Town Planning
• Religion
• The Hammurabi’s Law Code
• Cuneiform: The Sumerian Writing System
• Art
• Science
• Contributions of the Mesopotamian Civilisation

• Polity and Emperors
• The Han Empire (206–220 AD (CE))
• Philosophy and Literature
• Chinese Script
• Contribution of the Chinese Civilisation

• Planned Towns
• Agriculture and Animal Domestication
• Pottery
• Metal Tools and Weapons
• Textiles and Ornaments
• Trade and Exchange
• Weights and Measures
• Seals, Sealings and Scripts
• Arts and Amusement
• Religion
• Original Inhabitants and their Culture
• Decline of Indus Culture

• The Classical Sangam Tamil Literature
• Tholkappiyam
• Epigraphy 
• Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions
• Hero Stones
• Inscriptions on Pottery
•  Archaeological Sites 
• Material Culture
• Coins
• Non-Tamil Sources (Foreign Accounts)
• Arthasastra
• Mahavamsa
• Periplus of Erythrean Sea
• Pliny’s Natural History
• Ptolemy’s Geography
• Peutingerian table
• Vienna Papyrus

• Sources of Sangam Age

• The Muvendhar
• The Cheras
• The Cholas
• The Pandyas
• Velirs / Chieftains

• Composition of the Society
• Women

• Agricultural Production
• Industries and Crafts of the Sangam Age
• Pottery
• Iron Smelting Industry
• Stone Ornaments
• Gold jewellery
• Glass Beads
• Pearl Fishery and Shell Bangle
• Textiles
• Exchange, Trade, Merchants, and Trade Routes
• Traders
• Means of Transport
• Barter and Coins
• Tamilagam and Overseas Interactions
• Tamil Nadu to Red Sea Coast

• Confucius (551–478 BC (BCE))
• Five Cardinal Principles of Confucius’ Ethics
• Taoism
• Teachings of Lao-Tse (Taoism)

• Teachings

1. Jainism

• Mahavira: Birth and Life
• Teachings of Mahavira
• Spread of Jainism
• Split in Jainism
• Decline of Jainism

2. Buddhism

• Gautama Buddha: Birth and Life
• Teachings of Buddhism
• Spread of Buddhism
• The Split in Buddhism
• Decline of Buddhism

• Ajivika
• Gana-sanghas

• Growth of Royal Power
• The Rise of Magadha Kingdom

• Mauryan Empire
• Mauryan Kings: Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, Ashoka.

• Greek's Victory over Persians
• “Democracy” in Hellenic Greece
• Athenian Democracy
• Pericles (461–429 BC (BCE)

• Beginnings of Hellenistic Civilisation
• Roman Republic
• Class War between Patricians and Plebeians
• Transfer of Power from Consuls to Emperor
• Establishment of Principate
• Society under Principate
• External Invasions and the Decline of Roman Empire

• Fall of Chin Dynasty
• Han Dynasty and Expansion of Chinese Territories

• East Asia In The Middle Ages

• Sung Dynasty (960–1279 A.D. (C.E.))
• Fall of Sung Dynasty
• Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368 A.D. (C.E.))
• Ming Empire (1368–1644 A.D. (C.E.))

1. Arabian
   1. Rule of Ommiad or Umayyad dynasty
   2. Rule of Abbasids
2. Disintegration of Arab Empire and Rise of Seljuq Turks
3. Crusades and Fall of Seljuq Turk
4. Impact of Crusades

1. State
2. Church

• Major Political Changes

1. North India: The Advent of Islam
2. The Chola Empire in the South
3. Vijayanagar and South India after the Cholas
4. The Mughals (1526–1707 A.D. (C.E.))
5. The Arrival of the Europeans

1. Caste
2. Religion

• Literature, Art and Architecture

1. Agriculture
2. Non Agricultural Production
3. Textiles
4. Commerce

• Conclusion

1. Growth of Trade and Rise of Towns
2. Invention of the Printing Press
3. Fall of Constantinople

1. Why Italy became the birth place of Renaissance?
2. Humanism in Literature
3. Impact on Art
4. Science during Renaissance
5. Effects of Renaissance

1. Martin Luther (1483–1556 A.D. (C.E.))
2. Other Protestant Reforms

1. Causes
2. Portuguese Explorations
3. Spain and Discovery of the New World
4. Portuguese–Spanish Rivalry

• Introduction of American War of Independence
• Colonies of European Powers
• Plantations and the Slave Labour
• Increasing incidence of Taxation
• Townshend Acts
• Boston Tea Party
• American War of Independence

1. First Continental Congress, September 5, 1774
2. Second Continental Congress, May - 10, 1775
3. Battle of Bunker Hill

• Declaration of Independence
• War

1. French Alliance
2. Victory at Yorktown

• Results

• Introduction of French Revolution
• Causes of the Outbreak
• Course of the French Revolution
• Impact of French Revolution
• The post-revolution period
• Napoleon Bonaparte

• Beginnings
• Invention of Steam Power
• Development in Textiles
• Iron and Steel
• Mining
• Transportation and Communication

• Impact on Environment and Living Conditions
• Urbanisation
• Socio-economic Consequences
• Labour Movement

• Industrial Revolution in France
• Industrial Revolution in Germany

• Haymarket Massacre

• South East Asia
• Malaya Peninsula
• Anglo-Dutch Rivalry
• Indonesia
• Burma
• Indo-China
• The Philippines
• Siam (Thailand)

• South Africa
• Rhodesia
• West Africa
• East Africa 
• Portuguese Angola and Mozambique
• African Rule in Liberia and Ethiopia

• The Colonialisation of Indian
  Economy

1. Colonialisation of Indian Economy: Mercantilist Phase (Outright Plunder; 18th Century).
2. Industrial Capitalist Phase: 1st half of the Nineteenth Century

• Financial Capitalist Phase: 2nd half of the Nineteenth Century

• Agrarian Conditions
• Land Revenue and the Pauperisation of Peasantry
• Irrigation
• Famines
• Indentured Labour

1. Crust
2. Mantle
3. Core

1. Internal Processes

• Plate Tectonics

• Types of Plate Boundaries

1. Convergent Boundary
2. Divergent Boundary
3. Conservative/Transform Boundary

• Movements of Continental Plates
• Earthquake
• Seismic Waves
• Tsunami
• Volcanoes

1. Active Volcano
2. Dormant Volcano (or) Sleeping Volcano
3. Extinct or Dead Volcano
4. Composite Volcano
5. Volcanic Dome
6. Shield Volcano

• Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes
• Effect Of Volcanoes

1. Constructive Effects
2. Destructive Effects 

• Weathering
• Types of Weathering
  1) Chemical Weathering
  2) Physical Weathering
  3) Biological Weathering
• Special Effects of Weathering
• Significance of Weathering

• Chemical weathering
• Reasons for chemical weathering
  1. Carbonation
  2. Solution
  3. Oxidation

• Biological weathering
• Reasons for Biological weathering

• Agents of Gradation 

1. Running water (River)-(Fluvial Land forms)
2. Courses of River

• The Upper Course
• The Middle Course
• The Lower course

• Erosional Landforms of River

1. Gorges and Canyons
2. Waterfall 
3. V-shaped valley
4. Pot hole
5. Meander
6. Ox bow lake

• Depositional Landforms of River

1. Alluvial Fan 
2. Flood Plain
3. Estuary
4. Delta
5. Karst Topography

• Erosional Landforms of Underground Water

1. Terra Rossa (Italian term for Red soil)
2. Lappies
3. Sinkhole
4. Caves and Caverns

• Depositional Landforms of Underground Water

1. Stalactite, Stalagmite and Column
2. Glaciers

• Erosional Landforms of Glacier

1. Cirque
2. Arete
3. Pyramidal Peak
4. U-Shaped Valley 
5. Hanging Valley
6. Fjord

• Depositional Landforms of glacier

1. Moraine
2. Drumlin(Basket of Egg Topography)
3. Esker
4. Outwash Plain 
5. Wind

• Erosional Landforms of wind

1. Mushroom Rock
2. Inselberg
3. Yardang

• Depositional Landforms of wind

1. Sand Dune
2. Barchan
3. Transverse Dunes
4. Longitudinal Dunes(Seif dunes)
5. Loess
6. Wave

• Erosional Land Forms of Waves 

1. Sea Cliffs
2. Sea Cave 
3. Sea Arch
4. Sea Stack
5. Wave Cut Platforms

• Depositional Landforms of Waves

1. Beach
2. Bar
3. Spit

• Gases
• Water Vapour
• Dust Particles

• Atmosphere
• Layers of Atmosphere
• The Role of Atmosphere In Climate Control

• Introduction
• Weather related / Climatic factors
• Changes in Weather

• High Clouds
• Medium Clouds
• Low Clouds
• Precipitation

• Rainfall
• Types of Rainfall
  1. Convectional Rainfall
  2. Orographic Rainfall
  3. Cyclonic Rainfall

• Relief Of The Ocean Floor

1. Continental Shelf
2. Continental Slope
3. Continental Rise
4. Deep Sea Plains or Abyssal Plains 
5.  Oceanic Deeps
6. Oceanic Ridge

• Movement of the Ocean Water

1. Waves
2. Tides 
3. Ocean Currents

• Conservation Of Marine Resources

• Introduction to Ecosystem
• Interactions in the Ecosystem

• Terrestrial Biomes

1. Tropical Forest Biomes
2. Tropical Savanna (Grasslands) Biomes
3. Desert Biomes 
4. Temperate Grassland Biomes 
5. Tundra Biomes

• Aquatic Biomes

1. Fresh water Biomes
2. Marine Biomes

• Conservation

• Classification of Environment

1. Natural Environment
2. Human Environment
3. Man Made Environment

• Population
• What is Demography?
• Census

• Classification of Settlements

      A) Rural Settlements

• Patterns of Rural Settlements

1. Rectangular pattern
2. Linear pattern
3. Circular or semicircular pattern
4. Star like pattern
5. Triangular pattern
6. T-Shaped, Y-Shaped, Cross-Shaped or Cruciform settlements
7. Nebular pattern

     B)  Urban Settlements

• Classification of Urban Settlements

1. Town
2. City
3. Metropolitan cities
4. Megacities
5. Conurbation

• Basics of Economic Activities

1. Primary Economic Activity
2. Secondary Economic Activity
3. Tertiary Economic Activity
4. Quaternary Economic Activity
5. Quinary Economic Activity

• Social Sustainability
• Economic Sustainability
• Environmental Sustainability
• Why is sustainability important?

• Maps
• Cartography

• Aerial photography
• Satellite Remote Sensing
• Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

1. Global Positioning System (GPS)
2. Geographic Information System (GIS)

• Who are the first responders?
• Earthquake

• What to do during an earthquake?
• If indoors
• If outdoors
• If in a moving vehicle

• Tsunami

• How to respond to Tsunami?
• What to do after a Tsunami?

• Riot
• Surviving a Riot

• At Travel Destination: What to Do
• If caught in a riot

• Fire

• Fire Safety Do’s and Don’ts
• What you should do during a fire

• Aristocracy
• Monarchy
• Autocracy
• Oligarchy
• Theocracy
• Democracy
• Republic

• Meaning of Democracy
• Definition
• Salient Features of Democracy
• Evolution of Democracy
• Forms of Democratic government
• Types of Democracy

1. Direct Democracy
2. Indirect Democracy / Representative Democracy

• Merits and Demerits of Democracy
• Democracy in India
• Elections in India
• The First Elections in Democratic India
• Major challenges to Indian Democracy
• Conditions for the Success of Democracy in India

• Election Process
• Introduction of the NOTA Option
• Types of Elections in India

• Direct Elections
• Indirect Elections

• Characteristics of Political Parties:

1. To be in power
2. To pursue an ideology
3. To have a Party Agenda
4. To Establish a Government
5. To act as a link between the Government and the people

• Pressure Groups in India
• Functions of Pressure Groups in India
• Political Participation
• Education
• Policy Formulation 

• Mobilisation
• Democratic Participation

• Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
• Civil and Political Rights

• Right to Equality
• Right to Freedom
• Right against Exploitation
• Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion
• Cultural and Educational Rights
• Right to Constitutional Remedies

• Introduction
• List of Fundamental Duties

• Child Rights
• Women Rights
• Right to Information Act (RTI)
• Labour Rights

• Unitary Form of Government

• Merits of unitary form of government
• De-merits of unitary form of government
• Unitary features of the indian constitution 

• Federal form of government

• Merits of federal form of government
• De-merits of federal form of government
• Federal features of the Indian constitution
• Difference between Unitary form and Federal form of Government

• Parliamentary form of government

• Features of parliamentary form of government
• Merits of the parliamentary form of government
• Demerits of the parliamentary form of government

• The presidential form of government

• Features of presidential form of government
• Merits of the presidential system of government
• Demerits of the presidential system of government
• Difference between the Parliamentary Form of Government and Presidential Form of Government

• Salient Features of the 73rd and 74th Constitution Amendment Acts (1992)
• Salient Features of the Tamil Nadu Panchayat Raj Act, 1994

• Functions of the Village Panchayat
• Voluntary Functions
• Revenue
• Taxes
• Meeting of Gram Sabha
• Meetings of the Grama Sabha are conducted four times a year
• Panchayat Union
• Functions of the Panchayat Union
• District Panchayat
• Functions of District Panchayat
• Urban Local Government
• Town Panchayat
• Municipality
• Corporation
• Important functions of the Mayor
• Types of other Urban Panchayats
• Elections to the local government in Tamil Nadu
• Problems and Challenges facing the Local Self Governments

• Drivers
• Pedestrians
• Passengers
• Vehicles
• Road Conditions
• Weather Conditions

• Net National Product
• Per Capita Income
• Purchasing Power Parity
• Human Development

• Use of Non-conventional Sources of Energy
• Solar Power in India

• Organised Sector 
• Unorganised Sector
• Public Sector vs Private Sector

• Employment Trends in Tamil Nadu

• History of Money

• Medium of Exchange
• Unit of Account 
• A Store of Value

• Crops in Tamil Nadu
• Different Water Sources for Irrigation

• Concept of Migration