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Question
Hardness of water may be temporary or permanent. Permanent hardness is due to the presence of:
(i) Chlorides of \[\ce{Ca}\] and \[\ce{Mg}\] in water.
(ii) Sulphates of \[\ce{Ca}\] and \[\ce{Mg}\] in water.
(iii) Hydrogen carbonates of \[\ce{Ca}\] and \[\ce{Mg}\] in water.
(iv) Carbonates of alkali metals in water.
Solution
(i) Chlorides of \[\ce{Ca}\] and \[\ce{Mg}\] in water.
(ii) Sulphates of \[\ce{Ca}\] and \[\ce{Mg}\] in water.
Explanation:
Presence of calcium and magnesium salts in the form of hydrogen carbonate, chloride and sulphate in water makes water ‘hard’.
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