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Question
Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Solution
Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Punjab. However, it would be wrong to say that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all. Per capita income is certainly not the only criterion and it has its limitations. But this does not imply that it is not useful at all. To counter the inadequacy of this average, the human development index is used. The human development index uses a combination of development factors (such as health, education, income) for comparison. Thus, per capita income is one of the development factors, and cannot be done away with. Also, per capita income is useful for comparing the money index of states.
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TABLE 1.6 SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2004 |
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Country |
Per Capita Income in US$ |
Life Expectancy at birth |
Literacy Rate for 15+ yrs population |
Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels |
HDI Rank in the world |
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Sri Lanka India Myanmar Pakistan Nepal Bangladesh |
4390 3139 1027 2225 1490 1870 |
74 64 61 63 62 63 |
91 61 90 50 50 41 |
69 60 48 35 61 53 |
93 126 130 134 138 137v |
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For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. Countries with higher incomes are more developed than others with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater income. So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal. Now, what is the income of a country? Intuitively, the income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us the total income of the country. However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Are people in one country better off than others in a different country? Hence, we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income. In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of US \[\ce{$}\]49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are called high-income or rich countries and those with per capita income of US \[\ce{$}\]2500 or less are called low-income countries. The rich countries, excluding countries of the Middle East and certain other small countries are generally called developed countries.
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Read the given case and answer the questions that follow:
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Mahatma Gandhi's thoughts on Satyagraha 'It is said of "passive resistance" that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active ....' 'Satyagraha is not a physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary, he does not seek his destrudion ... In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever.' 'Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That's why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love ... Non-violence is the supreme dharma.' 'It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war god and they can all become, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own....' |
- What type of movement Gandhiji organised in South Africa?
- Why is satyagraha considered as pure soul- force?
- How has Gandhiji described passive resistance?
