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Design a class Toggle which toggles a word by converting all upper case alphabets to lower case and vice versa.
Example: The word “mOTivATe” becomes “MotIVatE”
The details of the members of the class are given below:
| Class name | Toggle |
| Data members/instance variables: | |
| str | stores a word |
| newstr | stores the toggled word |
| len | to store the length of the word |
| Methods/Member functions: | |
| Toggle( ) | default constructor |
| void readword( ) | to accept the word |
| void toggle( ) | converts the upper case alphabets to lower case and all lower case alphabets to upper case and stores it in newstr |
| void display( ) | displays the original word along with the toggled word |
Specify the class Toggle giving details of the constructor, void readword( ), void toggle( ) and void display( ). Define the main( ) function to create an object and call the functions accordingly to enable the task.
Concept: Basic Input/Output Using Scanner and Printer Classes from JDK
State any one use of interfaces in Java.
Concept: Interfaces in Java
An array ARR [ -5 .....15, 10.....20] stores elements in Row Major Wise with each element requiring 2 bytes of storage. Find the address of ARR [10] [15] when the base address is 2500.
Concept: Structured Data Types - Arrays (Single and Multi-dimensional), Strings
Assertion: In Java, the String class is used to create and manipulate strings, and it is immutable.
Reason: Immutability ensures that once a String object is created, its value cannot be changed.
Concept: Structured Data Types - Arrays (Single and Multi-dimensional), Strings
A matrix M[-6….10, 4…15] is stored in the memory, with each element requiring 4 bytes of storage. If the base address is 1025, find the address of M[4][8] when the matrix is stored in column major-wise.
Concept: Example Algorithms that Use Structured Data Types (E.G. Searching, Finding Maximum/Minimum, Sorting Techniques, Solving Systems of Linear Equations, Substring, Concatenation, Length, Access to Char in String, Etc.)
The following function getIt() is a part of some class. Assume x is a positive integer, f is the lower bound of arr[ ] and l is the upper bound of the arr[ ].
Answer the questions given below along with dry run/working.
public int getIt(int x,intarr[],int f,int l)
{
if(f>l)
return-1;
int m=(f+l)/2;
if(arr[m]<x)
return getIt(x,m+1,l);
else if(arr[m]>x)
return getIt(x,f,m-1);
else
return m;
}- What will the function getIt( ) return if arr[ ] = {10,20,30,40,50} and x = 40?
-
What is function getIt( ) performing apart from recursion?
Concept: Example Algorithms that Use Structured Data Types (E.G. Searching, Finding Maximum/Minimum, Sorting Techniques, Solving Systems of Linear Equations, Substring, Concatenation, Length, Access to Char in String, Etc.)
Given are two strings, input string and a mask string that remove all the characters of the mask string from the original string.
| Example: | INPUT: | ORIGINALSTRING: | communication |
| MASK STRING: | mont | ||
| OUTPUT: | cuicai |
A class StringOp is defined as follows to perform above operation.
Some of the members of the class are given below:
| Class name | StringOp |
| Data members/instance variables: | |
| str | to store the original string |
| msk | to store the mask string |
| nstr | to store the resultant string |
| Methods / Member functions: | |
| StringOp() | default constructor to initialize the data member with legal initial value |
| void accept( ) | to accept the original string str and the mask string msk in lower case |
| void form() | to form the new string nstr after removal of characters present in mask from the original string |
| void display( ) | to display the original string and the newly formed string nstr |
Specify the class StringOp giving details of the constructor( ), void accept( ), void form() and void display( ). Define a main( ) function to create an object and call all the functions accordingly to enable the task.
Concept: Structured Data Types - Arrays (Single and Multi-dimensional), Strings
A class Mixarray contains an array of integer elements along with its capacity (More than or equal to 3). Using the following description, form a new array of integers which will contain only the first 3 elements of the two different arrays one after another.
Example:
Array1: { 78, 90, 100, 45, 67 }
Array2: {10, 67, 200, 90 }
Resultant Array: { 78, 90, 100, 10, 67, 200}
The details of the members of the class are given below:
| Class name | Mixarray |
| Data members/instance variables: | |
| arr[] | integer array |
| cap | integer to store the capacity of the array |
| Member functions/methods: | |
| Mixarray (int mm ) | to initialize the capacity of the array cap=mm |
| void input( ) | to accept the elements of the array |
| Mixarray mix(Mixarray P, Mixarray Q) | returns the resultant array having the first 3 elements of the array of objects P and Q |
| void display( ) | to display the array with an appropriate message. |
Specify the class Mixarraygiving details of the constructor(int), void input( ), Mixarray mix(Mixarray,Mixarray) and void display( ). Define a main( ) function to create objects and call all the functions accordingly to enable the task.
Concept: Structured Data Types - Arrays (Single and Multi-dimensional), Strings
Give one reason, why iteration is better than recursion.
Concept: Recursion
Differentiate between direct recursion and indirect recursion.
Concept: Recursion
A class Fibo has been defined to generate the Fibonacci series 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ……. (Fibonacci series are those in which the sum of the previous two terms is equal to the next term).
Some of the members of the class are given below:
| Class name | Fibo |
| Data member/instance variable: | |
| start | integer to store the start value |
| end | integer to store the end value |
| Member functions/methods: | |
| Fibo( ) | default constructor |
| void read( ) | to accept the numbers |
| int fibo(int n) | return the nth term of a Fibonacci series using recursive technique |
| void display( ) | displays the Fibonacci series from start to end by invoking the function fibo() |
Specify the class Fibo, giving details of the Constructor, void read( ), int fibo(int), and void display( ). Define the main() function to create an object and call the functions accordingly to enable the task.
Concept: Simple Recursive Functions (e.g. Factorial, GCD, Binary Search, Conversion of Representations of Numbers Between Different Bases)
A class Gcd has been defined to find the Greatest Common Divisor of two integer numbers. Some of the members of the class are given below:
| Class name | Gcd |
| Data member/instance variable: | |
| num1 | integer to store the first number |
| num2 | integer to store the second number |
| Member functions/methods: | |
| Gcd( ) | default constructor |
| void accept( ) | to accept the numbers |
| int gcd(int x,int y) | return the GCD of the two numbers x and y using recursive technique |
| void display( ) | displays the result with an appropriate message |
Specify the class Gcd, giving details of the Constructor, void accept( ), int gcd(int,int), and void display( ). Define the main() function to create an object and call the functions accordingly to enable the task.
Concept: Simple Recursive Functions (e.g. Factorial, GCD, Binary Search, Conversion of Representations of Numbers Between Different Bases)
Assertion: Recursive data structure follows the LIFO principle.
Reason: Execution of recursive code follows the concepts of data structure Queue.
Concept: Simple Recursive Functions (e.g. Factorial, GCD, Binary Search, Conversion of Representations of Numbers Between Different Bases)
The following function is a part of some class:
int jolly(int[] x, int n, int m)
{
if (n<0)
return m;
else if(n<x.length)
m=(x[n]>m)?x[n]:m;
return jolly(x, --n, m);
}
- What will be the output of jolly() when the value of x[ ]={6,3,4,7,1}, n=4 and m=0?
- What function does jolly() perform, apart from recursion?
Concept: Simple Recursive Functions (e.g. Factorial, GCD, Binary Search, Conversion of Representations of Numbers Between Different Bases)
Design a class DeciHex to accept a positive integer in decimal number system from the user and display its hexadecimal equivalent.
Example 1:
Decimal number= 25
Hexadecimal equivalent= 19
Example 2:
Decimal number =28
Hexadecimal equivalent = 1C
Some of the members of the class are given below.
| Class name | DeciHex |
| Data members/instance variables: | |
| num | stores the positive integer |
| hexa | string to store the hexadecimal equivalent of num |
| Methods / Member functions: | |
| DeciHex() | constructor to initialise the data members with legal initial values |
| void getNum() | to accept a positive integer |
| void convert(int n) | to find the hexadecimal equivalent of the formal parameter 'n' using the recursive technique |
| void display() | to display the decimal number and its hexadecimal equivalent by invoking the function convert() |
Specify the class DeciHex giving details of the constructor( ), void getNum( ), void convert(int) and void display(). Define a main() function to create an object and call all the functions accordingly to enable the task.
Concept: Simple Recursive Functions (e.g. Factorial, GCD, Binary Search, Conversion of Representations of Numbers Between Different Bases)
Assertion: Recursion utilises more memory as compared to iteration.
Reason: Time complexity of recursion is higher due to the overhead of maintaining the function call stack.
Concept: Recursion
The following is a function of class Armstrong. This recursive function calculates and returns the sum of the cubes of all the digits of num, where num is an integer data member of the class Armstrong.
[A number is said to be Armstrong if the sum of the cubes of all its digits is equal to the original number].
There are some places in the code marked by ?1?, ?2?,?3? which may be replaced by a statement/expression so, that the function works properly.
public int sumOfPowers(int num)
{
if(num == 0)
return ?1?
int digit = ?2?;
return(int)Math.pow(digit, 3) + ?3?;
}
- What is the expression or statement at ?1?
- What is the expression or statement at ?2?
- What is the expression or statement at ?3?
Concept: Simple Recursive Functions (e.g. Factorial, GCD, Binary Search, Conversion of Representations of Numbers Between Different Bases)
A class LCM has been defined to find the Lowest Common Multiple of two integers.
Some of the data members and member functions are given below:
| Class name | LCM |
| Data members/instance variables: |
|
| n1 | to store an integer number |
| n2 | to store an integer number |
| large | integer to store the largest from n1,n2 |
| sm | integer to store the smallest from n1,n2 |
| l | to store lcm of two numbers |
| Methods / Member functions: | |
| LCM( ) | default constructor to initialize data members with legal initial values |
| void accept() | to accept n1 and n2 |
| int getLCM() | returns the lcm of n1 and n2 using the recursive technique |
| void display( ) | to print the numbers n1, n2 and lcm |
Specify the class LCM giving details of the constructor( ), void accept( ), int getLCM() and void display( ). Define a main ( ) function to create an object and call the member functions accordingly to enable the task.
Concept: Simple Recursive Functions (e.g. Factorial, GCD, Binary Search, Conversion of Representations of Numbers Between Different Bases)
The ability of an object to take many forms is known as ______.
Concept: Subclass Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding
A super class Godown has been defined to store the details of the stock of a retail store. Define a subclass Update to store the details of the items purchased with the new rate and update the stock. Some of the members of both the classes are given below:
| Class name | Godown |
| Data members/instance variables: | |
| item | to store the name of the item |
| qty | to store the quantity of an item in stock |
| rate | to store the unit price of an item |
| amt | to store the net value of the item in stock |
| Member functions/methods: | |
| Godown(…) | parameterized constructor to assign value to the data members |
| void display( ) | to display the stock details |
| Class name | Update |
| Data members/instance variables: | |
| pur_qty | to store the purchase quantity |
| pur_rate | to store the unit price of the purchased item |
| Member functions/methods: | |
| Update(…) | parameterized constructor to assign values to the data members of both the classes |
| void update( ) | to update the stock by adding the previous quantity by the purchased quantity and replace the rate of the item if there is a difference in the purchase rate. Also update the current stock value as: (quantity * unit price) |
| void display( ) | to display the stock details before and after updating |
Assume that the super class Godown has been defined. Using the concept of inheritance, specify the class Update giving details of the constructor, void update ( ) and void display( ).
The super class, main function and algorithm need NOT be written.
Concept: Member Access in Derived Classes
