Topics
Periodic Table, Periodic Properties and Variations of Properties
- History of Periodic Table: Early Attempts at the Classification of Elements
- Dobereiner’s Triads
- Newland's Law of Octaves
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Periodic Properties
- Shells (Orbits)
- Valency
- Atomic Radius Or Atomic Size
- Metallic and Non-metallic Characters
- Chemical Reactivity
- Ionisation Potential (Ionisation Energy)
- Electron Affinity
- Electronegativity
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic Mass
- Study of Specific Groups in Periodic Table
- Group I (Alkali Metals)
- Group VIIA Or Group 17 (The Halogens)
Chemical Bonding
- Chemical Bond
- Types of Chemical Bond
- Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
- Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
- The Covalent Bond
- Types of Covalent Bond
- Formation of Covalent Bond
- Properties and Comparison of Electrovalent and Covalent Compounds
- Effect of Electricity on Electrovalent and Covalent Compounds
- Coordinate Bond
- Formation of Coordinate Bond
Study of Acids, Bases and Salts
- Acids
- Classification of Acids
- Preparation of Acids
- Properties of Acids
- Uses of Acids
- Bases (Alkalis)
- Classification of Bases (Alkalis)
- Preparation of Bases
- Properties of Bases (Alkalis)
- Uses of Bases
- Making of natural indicator
- Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
- Salts
- Classification of Salts
- Methods of Preparation of Soluble Salts
- Preparation of Insoluble Salts
- Laboratory Preparation of Some Salts
- Laboratory Preparation of Iron (III) Chloride
- Laboratory Preparation of Zinc Sulphate Crystals from Zinc and Sulphuric Acid
- Laboratory Preparation of Lead Chloride and Calcium Carbonate
- Laboratory Preparation of an Acid Salt Sodium Bicarbonate
- Neutralisation
- Laboratory Preparation of Copper (II) Sulphate (Or Blue Vitriol)
- Laboratory Preparation of Sodium Sulphate Crystals
- Properties of Salts
Analytical Chemistry
- Analytical Chemistry
- Colours of the Salts and Their Solutions
- Action of Sodium Hydroxide Solution on Certain Metallic Salt Solutions
- Action of Ammonium Hydroxide on Certain Salt Solutions
- Action of Alkalis on Certain Metals
- Action of Alkalis on Metal Oxides
Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
- The Gas Laws
- Fundamental Laws of Gases
- Pressure and Volume Relationship or Bolye's Law
- Temperature - Volume Relationship or Charles's Law
- Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes
- Avogadro’s Law
- Gas Equation
- Standard Temperature Pressure (S.T.P.)
- Absolute Zero
- Atomic Mass
- Molecular Mass
- Mole Concept
- Relationship Between Vapour Density and Relative Molecular Mass
- Percentage Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formula
- Empirical Formula of a Compound
- Determination of Empirical Formula
- Determination of Molecular Formula
- Chemical Equation
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Numerical Problems of Chemical Equation
Electrolysis
- Electrolysis
- Electrolytes
- Nonelectrolyte
- Electrochemical Cells
- Electrodes
- Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Reactions
- Arrhenius Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation
- Electrochemical Series
- Preferential Or Selective Discharge of Ions at Electrodes
- Examples of Electrolysis
- Electrolysis of Molten Lead Bromid
- Electrolysis of Acidified Water Using Platinum Electrodes
- Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate Solution Using Platinum Anode and Copper Or Platinum Cathode
- Electrolysis of Aqueous Copper Sulphate - Using Copper Electrodes
- Applications of Electrolysis
Metallurgy
- Types of Element: Metals
- Types of Element: Non-metal
- Mineral Resources
- Ores
- Metallurgy
- Extraction of Reactive Metals
- Types of Separation or Concentration of an Ore
- Conversion of Concentrated Ore to Its Oxide
- Reactivity Series of Metals
- Reduction of Metal Oxides to Metals
- Refining of Metals
- Corrosion of Metals
- Metallurgy of Aluminium
- Extraction of Aluminium
- Refining of Aluminium
- Alloy
- Making Alloys
- Some Common Alloys
- Prevention of Corrosion
Study of Compounds
Hydrogen Chloride
- Hydrogen Chloride
- General Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Physical Properties of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Laboratory Method of Preparation of Hydrochloric Acid
- Properties of Hydrochloric Acid
- Uses of Hydrochloric Acid
- Tests for Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid
Ammonia
- Ammonia
- General Methods of Preparation of Ammonia Gas
- Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia Gas
- Preparation of Aqueous Ammonia
- Manufacture of Ammonia (Haber's Process)
- Physical Properties of Ammonia
- Chemical Properties of Ammonia
- Tests for Ammonia Gas and Ammonium Ion
- Uses of Ammonia
Nitric Acid
- Nitric Acid
- Laboratory Preparation of Nitric Acid
- Manufacture of Nitric Acid
- Physical Properties of Nitric Acid
- Chemical Properties of Nitric Acid
- Uses of Nitric Acid
- Tests for Nitric Acid and Nitrates
- Effects of Heat on Nitrates
Sulphuric Acid
- Sulphuric Acid
- Preparation of Sulphuric Acid
- Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid (Constant Process)
- Physical Properties of Sulphuric Acid
- Chemical Properties of Sulphuric Acid
- Uses of Sulphuric Acid
- Tests for Sulphuric Acid and Sulphates
Organic Chemistry
- Carbon: A Versatile Element
- Classification of Compounds of Carbon
- Organic Compounds
- Special Features of Carbon
- Organic Compounds in Daily Life
- Hydrocarbons
- Classification of Organic Compounds Based on the Pattern of Carbon Chain
- Classification of Organic Compound Based on the Kind of Atoms
- Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
- Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
- IUPAC Nomenclature of other classes
- Alkyl Group
- Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
- Isomers
- Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
- Methane
- Laboratory Preparation of Methane
- Ethane
- Laboratory Preparation of Ethane
- Hydrocarbons: Alkenes
- Ethene (Ethylene)
- Preparation of Ethene (Ethylene)
- Hydrocarbons: Alkynes
- Ethyne
- Laboratory Preparation of Ethyne
- Alcohol
- Ethanol
- Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol
- Carboxylic Acids
- Ethanoic Acid
Practical Work
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen
- Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen
- Laboratory Preparation of Carbon Dioxide
- Laboratory Preparation of Chlorine
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Laboratory Preparation of Sulphur Dioxide
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Sulphide
- Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia Gas
- Laboratory Preparation of Water Vapour
- Laboratory Preparation of Nitrogen Dioxide
- Action of Heat on a Given Substance
- Action of Dilute Sulphuric Acid on a Given Substance
- Dry Test
- Recognition of Substances by Colour
- Recognition of Substances by Odour
- Recognition of Substances by Physical State
- Recognition of Substances by Action of Heat
- Flame Test
- Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
- Indicators
- Identification of Ions
- Identification of Cations
- Identification of Anions
- Distinction Between Colourless Solutions of Dilute Acids and Alkalis
- Distinguish Between Black Copper Oxide and Black Manganese Dioxide
Study of Specific Groups in Periodic Table:
| Group | Name | Valency | Characteristics | Uses/Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alkali Metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) | 1 | Highly reactive, lose 1 electron to form +1 cations, soft, low-density, react with water to form alkaline hydroxides. | Reactivity increases down the group. |
| 2 | Alkaline Earth Metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) | 2 | Less reactive than alkali metals, form +2 cations, react with oxygen (oxides) and water (hydroxides). | Used in construction and biological functions (e.g., bones). |
| 13 | Boron Family (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Nh) | 3 | Boron = metalloid, others = metals. Aluminium is widely used in industries. | Form compounds like AlCl₃ and B₂O₃. |
| 14 | Carbon Family (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl) | 4 | Carbon = nonmetal, Si & Ge = metalloids, Sn & Pb = metals. | Carbon is essential for life (DNA, proteins), and silicon is used in electronics. |
| 15 | Nitrogen Family (N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc) | 3 or 5 | Includes nonmetals, metalloids, and metals. Forms compounds like NH₃ and P₄. | Important in biological systems, fertilisers. |
| 16 | Oxygen Family (O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv) | 2 | Includes oxygen, sulphur, and selenium, which are highly electronegative. Forms oxides, sulphides, and acids. | Oxygen is a strong oxidising agent, essential for respiration. |
| 17 | Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts) | 1 | Highly reactive nonmetals, forming -1 anions, exist as diatomic molecules (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, and I₂). | Used in disinfectants, medicines, and industrial chemicals. |
| 18 | Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Og) | 0 | Full outer shell, chemically inert, exist as monoatomic gases. | Used in lighting (neon), welding (argon), and cooling (helium in MRI machines). |
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Related QuestionsVIEW ALL [43]
Match the elements of List – I with their type from List – II.
| List – I | List – II |
| 1. Highly reactive, univalent metals | A: Halogens |
| 2. Highly reactive, univalent non-metals | B: Transition elements |
| 3. Unreactive, inert elements | C: Alkali metals |
| 4. Elements of group 3 to 12 [IB to VII B and VIII] | D: Lanthanide series |
| 5. Radioactive elements | E: Noble gases |
| F: Actinide series |
