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प्रश्न
Explain the meaning of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with two examples each.
उत्तर
(1) Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are connected by single bonds only. They are also called alkanes, and their general formula is CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in each of their molecules.
Examples: Methane (CH4) and butane (C4H10) are saturated hydrocarbons with 1 and 4 carbon atoms respectively, and their names end with 'ane'. The atoms are only connected by single covalent bonds.
The structures are represented below
2) Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are either connected by a double bond or triple bond. If the two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond, then it is called an alkene, and its general formula is CnH2n.
Example: Ethene (C2H4) is an alkene in which two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond.
The structure is as follows:
If two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond, then it is called an alkyne, and its general formula is CnH2n-2.
Example: Ethyne (C2H2) is an alkyne in which two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond.
The structure of ethyne is as follows:
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Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?
- \[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\phantom{..}\\
|\phantom{....}|\phantom{....}|\phantom{....}|\phantom{..}\\
\ce{H - C - C - C - C - H}\\
|\phantom{....}|\phantom{....}|\phantom{....}|\phantom{..}\\
\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\phantom{..}
\end{array}\] - \[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\\
|\phantom{....}|\phantom{....}|\\
\ce{H - C - C - C - H}\\
|\phantom{.....}\backslash\phantom{..}|\\
\phantom{.....}\ce{H}\phantom{.......}\ce{C - H}\\
\phantom{.........}|\\
\phantom{.........}\ce{H}
\end{array}\] - \[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\\
|\phantom{....}|\phantom{....}|\\
\ce{H - C - C - C - H}\\
|\phantom{....}\phantom{....}|\\
\ce{H}\phantom{........}\ce{H}\\
|\\
\ce{H - C - H}\\
|\\\ce{H}
\end{array}\] - \[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}\\
|\phantom{....}|\\
\ce{H - C - C - H}\\
|\phantom{....}|\\
\ce{H - C - C - H}\\
|\phantom{....}|\\
\ce{H}\phantom{...}\ce{H}
\end{array}\]
Match the reactions given in Column (A) with the names given in column (B).
| Column (A) | Column (B) | ||
(a) |
`"CH"_3"OH" + "CH"_3"COOH"overset("H"^+)(->) "CH"_3"COOCH"_3 + "H"_2"O"` | (i) | Addition reaction |
| (b) | `"CH"_3 = "CH"_2 + "H"_2 overset("Ni")(->)"CH"_3 - "CH"_3` | (ii) | Substitution reaction |
| (c) | `"CH"_4 + "Cl"_2overset("Sunlight")(->)"CH"_3"Cl" + "HCl"` | (iii) | Neutralisation reaction |
| (d) | `"CH"_3"COOH" + "NaOH" -> "CH"_3"COONa" + "H"_2"O"` | (iv) | Esterification reaction |
