Physics HSC Science (General) 11th Standard Maharashtra State Board Syllabus 2025-26

1. Fundamental Quantities and Units
2. Derived Quantities and Units
3. Conventions for the use of SI Units

• Length
• Units of length
• SI Unit of length
• Subunit of metre
• Multiple units of metre
• Measurements of large distance:
  (i) Parallax Method: Parallax or parallactic angle (θ)
• Method of measuring very small distances (Size of molecules)
• Range of Lengths

• Rage of Mass

• Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
• Uses of Dimensional Analysis
• Limitations of Dimensional Analysis

• Types of errors in measurement:

1. Systematic errors
    (i) Instrumental errors
   (ii) Error due to imperfection in experimental technique
   (iii) Procedural errors
   (iv) Personal errors
2. Random errors
3. Least count error
4. Absolute error
5. Mean absolute error
6. Relative error or fractional error
7. Percentage error
8. Combination of percentage errors
   (a) Error of a sum or a difference
   (b) Error of a product or a quotient
   (c) Error in case of a measured quantity raised to a power

• Order of magnitude
• Significant figures
• Addition and subtraction of significant figures
• Multiplication and division of significant figures
• Rules for limiting the result to the required number of significant figures
• Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures
• Rounding-off in the measurement

1. Scalars
2. Vectors

1. Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
2. Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
3. Triangle Law for Vector Addition
4. Law of parallelogram of vectors

• Resolution of a Vector
• Unit Vector

1. Scalar Product (Dot Product)
2. Vector Product (cross product)

• Characteristics of Vector Product

1. Differential Calculus
2. Integral calculus

1. Displacement
2. Path length
3. Average velocity
4. Average speed
5. Instantaneous velocity
6. Instantaneous speed
7. Acceleration

1. Average and Instantaneous Velocities
2. Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
3. Equations of Motion for an Object travelling a Plane with Uniform Acceleration
4. Relative Velocity
5. Projectile Motion

• Uniform and Non-Uniform Circular Motion
• Activity
• Uniform Circular Motion and Centripetal Force
• Experiment
• Variables in Circular Motion

• Fundamental Forces in Nature
• Contact and Non-Contact Forces
• Real and Pseudo Forces
• Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces and Concept of Potential Energy
• Work Done by a Variable Force

• Collisions
• Features of collision
• Types of collisions
  1) Elastic collision
  2) Inelastic collision
• Coefficient of restitution
• Collisions in One Dimension - Elastic collision in one dimension, Inelastic collision in one dimension
• Collisions in Two Dimensions - Elastic collision in two dimensions, Inelastic collision in two dimensions

• Impulse of force
• Applications of impulse

• To prove that the moment of a couple is independent of the axis of rotation

• Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

• Centre of Gravity
• Centre of gravity of some regular uniform objects
• Centre of gravity and the balance point
• Determination of centre of gravity of an irregular lamina by the method of balance using a plumb line
• Real-Life Applications of Centre of Gravity

1. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
2. Kepler’s First Law: The Law of Ellipses
3. Kepler’s Second Law: The Law of Equal Areas
4. Kepler’s Third Law: The Law of Harmonies
5. Kepler’s Laws and Newton’s Explanation

• Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• Gravitational Constant (G)
• Effects of Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• Centre of Mass and Gravity

• Introduction
• Value of g on the Surface of the Earth
• Variation in the Value of g

1. Variation in g with Altitude
2. Variation in g with Depth
3. Variation in g with Latitude and Rotation of the Earth

• Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy
• Connection of potential energy formula with mgh
• Concept of Potential
• Escape Velocity

• Projection of Satellite
• Weightlessness in a Satellite
• Time Period of a Satellite
• Binding Energy of an orbiting satellite

• Stress
• Types of stress
  1) Longitudinal stress: Tensile stress and Compressive stress
  2) Hydraulic or volume stress
  3) Shear or tangential stress
  4) Breaking stress
• Strain
• Types of strain
  1) Longitudinal (tensile or linear) strain
  2) Volume strain
  3) Shear strain

1. Young’s modulus (Y)
2. Bulk modulus (K)
3. Modulus of rigidity (η)
4. Poisson’s ratio

• Origin of friction
• Types of friction

1. Static friction
2. Kinetic friction
3. Rolling friction

• Introduction
• Experiment

• Absolute zero and absolute temperature
• Ideal Gas Equation

• Linear Expansion
• Areal Expansion
• Volume expansion
• Relation between Coefficients of Expansion

• Introduction
• Specific Heat Capacity of Different Substances
• Experiment

• Calorimetry
• Principle of calorimetry
• Temperature of mixture in different cases

• Analysis of observations

1. From point A to B
2. From point B to D

• Sublimation
• Phase Diagram

1. Vapourisation curve l - v
2. Fusion curve l - s
3. Sublimation curve s - v
4. Triple point

• Gas and Vapour
• Latent Heat

• Conduction  

1. Thermal Conductivity
2. Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
3. Thermal Resistance (RT)
4. Applications of Thermal Conductivity

• Convection

1. Applications of Convection
2. Free and Forced Convection

• Radiation

• Newton's law of cooling
• Graphical representation
• Applications 
• Factors affecting the rate of cooling
• Limitations of Newton's law of cooling

1. Mechanical waves
2. EM waves
3. Matter waves

• Amplitude (A)
• Wavelength
• Period (T)
• Double periodicity
• Frequency (n)
• Velocity (v)
• Phase and phase difference
• Characteristics of progressive wave

• The speed of transverse waves
• The speed of longitudinal waves
• Newton’s formula for velocity of sound
• Laplace’s correction
• Factors affecting speed of sound

1. Effect of pressure on velocity of sound
2. Effect of temperature on speed of sound
3. Effect of humidity on speed of sound

• Superposition principle
• Some important terms
  1) Phase
  2) Phase difference
  3) Path difference
• Resultant amplitude due to superposition
• Resultant intensity due to superposition

1. Acoustics observed in nature
2. Medical applications of acoustics
3. Other applications of acoustics

• Audible sound or human response to sound

1. Pitch
2. Timbre (sound quality)
3. Loudness

• Musical Sound
• Source Moving and Listener Stationary
• Listener Approaching a Stationary Source with Velocity v_L
• Both Source and Listener are Moving
• Common Properties between Doppler Effect of Sound and Light
• Major Differences between Doppler Effects of Sound and Light
• Effect of wind velocity on Doppler's effect in sound
• Applications of Doppler's effect

• Light and its sources
• Optics
• Ray optics

• Corpuscular Nature
• Wave Nature
• Dual Nature of Light

1. Ray optics or geometrical optics
2. Wave optics or physical optics
3. Particle nature of light

Cartesian sign convention

• Reflection from a plane surface
• Reflection from curved mirrors

• Total Internal Reflection
• Essential conditions for the total internal reflection
• Total internal reflection in nature - optical fibres
• Rainbow production
• Refraction and total internal reflection of light rays at different angles of incidence
• Consequences of total internal refraction
• Applications of total internal reflection

• Dispersion of Light Through a Prism
• Newton’s Disc and the Colours of Light
• Wavelength and Speed of Light in Different Media
• Activity 1
• Activity 2
• Activity 3

• Mirage
• Rainbow

• Chromatic aberration
• Spherical aberration

1. Near point focusing
2. Normal focusing
3. Resolving power of microscope
4. Resolving power of telescope

1. Magnification in compound microscope

1. Astronomical telescope and Magnification in astronomical telescope
2. Terrestrial telescope
3. Reflecting telescope

• Point charge
• Test charge

• Additive Nature of Charge
• Quantization of Charge
• Conservation of Charge
• Forces between Charges

• Scalar form of Coulomb’s Law
• Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant
• Definition of Unit Charge from the Coulomb’s Law
• Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form

• Electric Field Intensity due to a Point Charge in a Material Medium
• Practical Way of Calculating Electric Field
• Electric Lines of Force
• Electric field intensity

• Electric Flux
• Tube of force
• Tube of induction
• Normal Electric Induction (NEI)
• Total Normal Electric Induction (TNEI)

• The field of an electric dipole
• The physical significance of dipoles
• Couple Acting on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
• Electric Intensity at a Point due to an Electric Dipole
• Electric dipole moment (p)
• Electric field intensity·due to an electric dipole at a point on its axial line
• Electric field intensity due to an electric dipole at a point on the equatorial line
• Electric field intensity at a general point due to short electric dipole

• Continuous distribution of charges
• Types of charge distribution
  1) Linear charge distribution
  2) Surface charge distribution
  3) Volume charge distribution

• Ampere: Pioneer of Electric Current Measurement
• Electric Current

• Introduction
• Limitations and Applications

• Electric power

• Power-voltage rating
• Power of electrical appliances connected in parallel
• Power of electrical appliances connected in series
• Power in mixed combination of cells
• Practical units of electric energy in terms of power

• Units of electrical power

• Combination of cells in series and parallel
  1) Series combination of cells
  ⇒ Cells of different e.m.f's and internal resistances connected in series
  ⇒ For n identical cells in series (Assisting mode)
  2) Parallel combination of cells
  ⇒ For n identical parallel cells
  3) Mixed combination of cells

• Prokaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic Cells 
• Mesokaryotes Cells

• Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements
• Basic properties of magnets

• The magnetic field lines
• Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
• The dipole in a uniform magnetic field
• The electrostatic analog
• Magnetic potential

• Earth's magnetic field
• Important terms
  1) Geographic axis
  2) Geographic meridian
  3) Geographic equator
  4) Magnetic axis
  5) Magnetic meridian
  6) Magnetic equator
• Effects of Earth's magnetic field

1. Sources of EM waves
2. Characteristics of EM waves

• Electromagnetic spectrum (Discovered by, Wavelength range, Production, Detection, Characteristics, applications

1. Gamma rays (γ-rays)
2. X-rays
3. Ultraviolet rays (UV rays)
4. Visible light
5. Infrared rays
6. Microwaves
7. Radio waves

• Approximate ranges of wavelength and frequency
• Properties common to all the electromagnetic waves

1. Propagation of EM Waves
2. Space wave
3. Skywave propagation

1. Elements of a communication system
2. Commonly used terms in electronic communication system

• Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Phase Modulation (PM)

• Conductors (Metals)
• Insulators
• Semiconductors

• Intrinsic Semiconductors
• Holes in Semiconductors

• Doping
• Types of doping
  1) Pentavalent dopants
  2) Trivalent dopants
• Extrinsic semiconductors
• Types of Extrinsic semiconductors
  1) n-type semiconductor
  2) p-type semiconductor
• The conductivity of semiconductors (σ)
• Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors

• p-n junction
• Formation of p-n junction

• Introduction
• Comparison between N-Type Semiconductor and P- Type Semiconductor