Science and Technology 2 SSC (English Medium) 10th Standard Board Exam Maharashtra State Board Syllabus 2024-25

• Protein synthesis
• Process of protein synthesis: Transcription and Translation
• Central Dogma

• Origin of life
• Theories of origin of life

1. Big Bang Theory
2. Theory of Panspermia
3. Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis
4. Theory of Biogenesis
5. Theory of Chemical Origin
6. Urey and Miller's experiment

• Evidence for Biological evolution:

1. Paleontological evidence
2. Evidence from Morphological and anatomical evidence
3. Embryological evidence
4. Molecular evidence
5. Evolution by natural selection (Industrial melanism)
6. Evolution by anthropogenic

• Speciation
• Modes to form New species

1. Intraspecific Speciation: Allopatric speciation and Sympatric speciation
2. Interspecific Speciation: Hybridisation

1. Glycolysis
2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) 
3. Electron transfer chain reaction

• Process of energy production through aerobic respiration of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
• Anaerobic respiration in living organisms/ cells

• Why do we need energy?
• Formation of ATP
• Animals need more energy
• Birds and mammals need still more energy

• Energy Production in Microorganisms through Anaerobic Respiration
• Energy from different food components

• Cell Division
• Types of Cell Division

1. Amitosis - Direct Division
2. Mitosis - Indirect Division
3. Meiosis - Reduction Division

• Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

• Mitosis
• Phases of Mitosis: Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis
• Differences between mitosis in animal and plant cell

• Karyokinesis of mitosis
• Phases of mitosis

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

• Meiosis
• Stages of Meiosis

1. Meiosis I
2. Meiosis II

• Meiosis I
• Phases of meiosis I

1. Prophase I
2. Metaphase I
3. Anaphase I
4. Telophase I

• Meiosis II
• Phases of meiosis II

1. Prophase II
2. Metaphase II
3. Anaphase II
4. Telophase II

• Asexual reproduction in plant

• Different modes of asexual reproduction in plant

1. Fragmentation
2. Budding
3. Spore formation
4. Binary fission
5. Conidia formation
6. Gemma formation

• Introduction
• Reproduction in Plants
• Importance of Variation
• Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals
• Organisms Create Copies of Themselves

• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
  (i) Pre-fertilisation events
  (ii) Double fertilisation
  (iii) Post-fertilisation events

• Gametogenesis

1. Spermatogenesis
2. Structure of human spermatozoan
3. Oogenesis
4. Structure of ovum

• Fertilization
• Mechanism of fertilization
• Effect of fertilization
• Significance of fertilization
• Sex determination

• Cleavage
• Blastulation

• Implantation in Humans
• Implantation duration and process
• Implantation bleeding

• First Trimester
• Second Trimester
• Third (final) Trimester

• Placenta 
• Functions of Placenta

• Parturition (Birth) in Human

1. Dilation stage
2. Expulsion stage
3. After birth

• Twins - Fraternal and identical
• More than two - The triplets, Quadruplets, etc
• Test tube babies
• Two unlucky conjoined twins
• Siamese twins - A developmental abnormality

• Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
• Phases menstrual cycle

1. Menstrual phase
2. Follicular or proliferative phase
3. Ovulatory phase
4. Luteal or secretory phase

1. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
2. Surrogacy
3. Sperm Bank/ Semen Bank
4. Twins

• Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programme
  - Goals of RCH Programmes

• The Environment
• Our Needs and the Environment

• Introduction to Ecosystem
• Interactions in the Ecosystem

• Introduction of Environmental Balance
• The need to maintain environmental balance

• Need of environmental conservation
• Environmental Conservation. Our social responsibility

1. Genetic Diversity
2. Species Diversity
3. Ecosystem Diversity

• How can biodiversity be conserved ?
• My Role in Environment

• Hotspots of Biodiversity
• Endangered Species
• Determination of Endangerment

• Nuclear Energy
• Production of electricity from Nuclear energy
• Atomic power stations in India

• Introduction
• Hydroelectricity
• The Production of Hydroelectricity
• Application of Hydroelectric Energy

• Introduction
• Wind Turbine
• Wind Power
• Uses of Wind Energy

• Solar Energy
• Production of electricity from solar energy
• Solar photovoltaic cell
• Application of solar energy
• Solar Thermal power plant

• Introduction
• Classification and Evolution of Diversity in Living Organisms
• Classification of Living Things

• Classification
• Need for Classification
• Advantages of Classification

• Levels of organisation

• Cellular level of organisation
• Tissue level of organisation
• Organ system level of organisation

• Diploblastic and Triploblastic organisation
• Patterns of symmetry
• Coelom
• Segmentation and Notochord

• Benefits of animal classification

• Non-chordates
• Chordates

• Introduction
• Hierarchy Classification
• Five Kingdom Classification

• Kingdom Animalia
• Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

• Introduction of Microorganisms
• Types of Microorganisms
• Classification of Microorganisms
• Experiment
• Nature of microorganisms
• Growth of microorganisms

• Industrial Microbiology: main features

• Experiment
• Uses of Microorganisms:

• Stem Cell Preservation
• Stem cell research
• Embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells
• Uses of Stem Cells
  1) Regenerative Therapy
  2) Organ Transplantation

1. Healthcare Biotechnology 
2. Agriculture 
3. Gene therapy 
4. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 

1. Green revolution
2. White revolution
3. Blue revolution
4. Fertilizers: Insecticides, Organic farming
5. Apiculture
6. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants
7. Fruit Processing

1. Mental Stress
2. Addiction
3. Chronic diseases

• Cyber crimes

• Stress
• Stress management
  1) Laughter Club
  2) Unified Movement against Tobacco
  3) Salaam Mumbai Foundation
  4) Government Schemes

• Definition
• Example of Disaster
• Reasons Behind the Occurrence of Disasters
• Types of Disasters

• Scope of Disaster:
  1) Pre-disaster phase
  2) Warning phase
  3) Emergency phase
  4) Rehabilitation phase
  5) Recovery phase
  6) Reconstruction phase
• Aspects of disaster are important for common citizens:
  1) Phase of emergency
  2) Transitional Phase
  3) Reconstruction Phase

• Introduction
• Importance

1. Pre-disaster management
2. Post-disaster management

• District Disaster Management Authority
• District-wise Disaster Control Unit

• First Aid
• Basic Principles of First Aid
• Simple Steps for Providing First Aid in Different Situations

• Objectives of Mock Drill

• Digestion
• Alimentary Canal 
• Digestive organs

• Introduction
• Respiration involves
• Types of Respiration

• Introduction
• Excretion in Plants
• Experiment
• Excretion in Human
• Formation of Urine
• Artificial kidney (Hemodialysis)

• Introduction
• Tropic Movement
• Nastic Movement

• Introduction
• Components of Nervous System
• Neuron
• Need of Nervous System

• Central Nervous System
• Different regions of Brain and its functions

• Introduction
• Role of Endocrine Glands and Hormones

• Introduction
• Reproduction in Plants
• Importance of Variation
• Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals
• Organisms Create Copies of Themselves

• Asexual reproduction in plant

• Different modes of asexual reproduction in plant

1. Fragmentation
2. Budding
3. Spore formation
4. Binary fission
5. Conidia formation
6. Gemma formation

• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
  (i) Pre-fertilisation events
  (ii) Double fertilisation
  (iii) Post-fertilisation events

• Mendel’s Principles of Heredity
• Mendelian inheritance - Mendel’s Laws of Heredity

 Sex Determination

1. Sex Determination in human beings 
2. Sex Determination in birds 
3. Sex Determination in honey bees  

• Evidence for Biological evolution:

1. Paleontological evidence
2. Evidence from Morphological and anatomical evidence
3. Embryological evidence
4. Molecular evidence
5. Evolution by natural selection (Industrial melanism)
6. Evolution by anthropogenic

• Pressure cooker, Solar water heater, biogas
• Ecoefficiency: alternate raw materials, renewable sources of energy
• reusing and recycling

• Conservation of energy
  
• conservation of water
  
• conservation of biological resources
  
• reduction in pollution
  
• reduce, reuse, recycle
  
• population control
  
• consumerism
  
• decision making
  

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  
• The water (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1974
  
• The air (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1981
• The environment (protection) act, 1986
  
• Hazardous waste (handling and management) rules, 1989
  
• The noise pollution (regulation and control) rules, 2000
  
• Biomedical waste (management and handling) rules, 1998
  
• E-Waste (management and handling) rules, 2011
  

• Introduction
• General Properties of Non-Metals

• Introduction
• General Properties of Metals
• Experiment

• Ionic bond or Electrovalent bond
• Mechanism of formation of ionic bond
• Lattice enthalpy
• Factors affecting the formation of an ionic bond
  i) Low ionization enthalpy
  ii) High negative electron gain enthalpy
  iii) Large lattice enthalpy
• Characteristics of ionic or electrovalent compounds
• Difference between ionic bond and covalent bond
• Covalent character in ionic bond
• Fajan's rules

• Electrolytic Refining: Purification of Metals
• Electrolytic Refining of Copper

• Corrosion
• Experiment
• Rusting Process and Corrosion Effect

• Introduction of Covalent Bond
• Formation of Covalent Bonds
• Properties of Covalent Compounds

• Homologous Series in Organic Chemistry
• Examples of Homologous Series

• Common Naming System
• IUPAC Nomenclature

• Physical Properties of Carbon
• Chemical Properties of Carbon

• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
• Uses and Significance
• Experiment

• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
• Experiment 1
• Experiment 2
• Experiment 3
• Uses and Significance

• Introduction
• Types of Soaps
• Synthetic Detergents
• Experiment