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प्रश्न
Discuss the following in pairs or in groups of four:
'It is time to realise that unless we modify the established notion of literature as something written, we will silently witness the decline of various Indian oral traditions'
उत्तर
Literature is usually thought of including those compositions like poetry and prose which are written. But going by this notion, one may miss the aesthetic beauty of the compositions as prevalent in many oral traditions. There is another stream of literature containing compositions which are rich both thematically and aesthetically. But as we have a rigid criteria of regarding compositions as literature only when these are written so these do not get the status of literature. This is the case with many Indian oral traditions. Unless we modify our notions of literature there is every possibility that we will silently witness the decline of various Indian oral traditions.
Another perspective
Oral literary tradition is not a unique phenomenon in India. Oral traditions have been in existence in all parts of the world. Oral traditions do not die out because of their very nature of being transmitted
orally. So it hardly matters whether we modify our notion about literature or not , the oral traditions will continue to exist. What needs to be done is promotion of oral literary tradition through patronage of the state.
APPEARS IN
संबंधित प्रश्न
How important was the presence of Miss Anne Sullivan in Helen’s life?
Read the following passage and do the given activities:
B.1) Comparison
Write the comparison between the parts of the modular phone and the human body:
| Modular Phone | Parts of Human Body |
Every phone you buy, no matter how costly and latest it is, will go out of date in a year or so. That’s how quickly the smartphone world is moving right now. To keep yourself up to date with the current specification you will have to keep switching phones every once a while. What’s the solution to this problem?
MODULAR PHONES!
A modular device is a phone, tablet or another device where individual components such as the screen, camera, CPU, battery, memory can be removed by the user and replaced by others with a different specification. Imagine your body to be your phone and your clothes as the components, you can wear anything according to your needs and moods. Similarly, modular phones let you choose between components of different properties and specifications.
This would mean we’ll have the liberty to customize our phones, just like Lego building blocks! The main components of the phone will be Brain (processor), Spine (frame, screen) and Heart (battery). The other components may include a camera, storage memory, GPS, audio jack, speakers, USB module, etc. and the phone will have a motherboard, i.e. a base that will hold all components together
B.2) Give examples:
Write two examples that give the liberty to customize our phone.
• ____________________
• ____________________
B.3) Framing sentence:
Use the given phrases in sentences of your own:
(i) up to date
(ii) once a while
B.4) Write as instructed:
Rewrite the sentence as interrogative:
(i) We’ll have the liberty to customize our phones.
(ii) We will have the liberty to customize our phones. (Rewrite using the present participle form of the underlined word)
B.5) Personal Response
If given a chance to design a modular phone, what new features would you add?
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Explain the following statement with reference to the context.
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Pick out words from the poem that describe the following. List them in Column ‘A’. Substitute each of those describing words with another word/phrase of the same meaning.
| A (Poetic words) | B (Your own words) | |
| the ‘Autumn’ | a maiden fair | |
| stars | ||
| moonlight | ||
| cooing of birds |
Find the words that mean the following from the first stanza.
- Gold hammered into a flat, thin shape: ______
- show off proudly: ______
- tilt, move at an angle: ______
- across, especially in a slanting direction: ______
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Read the lines and answer the questions.
Deep inside the mountain
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Where do adventures hide?
Read the lines and answer the questions given below.
Autumn is English
in red, yellow and brown
Autumn is Indian
Whenever leaves fell down
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Choose the odd one out.
Match the following.
| pale |  |
| tremble |  |
| fainted |  |
Pablo was the dog of ______.
______ lies stretching in the river.
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The goose is swimming with its ______.
Who lived in the old house?
Write the word with same meaning.
Torch
The passage given below is on Kabbadi. Read the passage and complete the activities that follow.
Kabbadi (கபடி - in Tamil) is a contact team sport that originated in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the national sport of Bangladesh. It is also popular in South Asia and is the state game of the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Telangana.
Kabbadi is played between two teams of seven players: the objective of the game is for a single player on offence referred to as a 'raider', to run in to the opposing teams half of a court, tag out as many of their defenders as possible, and return to their own half of the court–all without being tackled by the defenders. Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out of the game if they are tagged or tackled, but can be 'revived' for each point scored by their team from a tag or tackle. The raider should hold his breath and utter the words like 'kabbadi kabbadi, hututu hututu, chadu kudu' etc. while the opponents try to catch him. If he stops uttering these words, he is considered out.
The game is known by its regional names in different parts of the subcontinent, such as Kabbadi or Chedugudu in Andhra Pradesh, Kabbadi in Kerala and Telangana, Hadudu in Bangladesh, Bhavatik in Maldives, Kauddi or Kabbadi in the Punjab Region, Hu-Tu-Tu in Western India and Hu-Do-Do in Eastern India and Chadakudu in South India. The highest governing body of Kabbadi is the International Kabbadi Federation.
Given below is the visual presentation of the first paragraph.
i) Represent the other paragraphs in a visual form of your choice(flow chart, mind-map, pie-chart, etc.).
ii) Choose the correct option.
1. A contact sport usually involves a ______contact between players.
- violent
- gentle
- physical
2. Kabbadi is a game played between ______.
- seven teams of two players
- two teams of seven players
- four teams of seven players
3. A single ______.
- player on offence is referred to as a raider
- offence is referred to as a raider
- raider is an offence by the player
iii) Answer the following.
- How does a raider score points for his team?
- When does a raider concede a point to the opponent team?
- Can a player be revived when he/she is out of the game? Explain your answer.
- Kabbadi is called by different names in different parts of India. Do you know how Pallankuzhi is called in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala?
