Science English Medium Class 10 CBSE Syllabus 2024-25

• Introduction
• Writing a Chemical Equation
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Steps to Balance a Chemical Equation (Hit-and-Trial Method)

• Oxidation
• Reduction 
• Redox Reactions (Reduction + Oxidation)
• Oxidising & Reducing Agents

• Corrosion
• Experiment
• Rusting Process and Corrosion Effect

• Rancidity
• Stages of Rancidity

• Definition
• Introduction of Acid
• Types of acid based on the source
• Types of acid based on the presence of oxygen
• Types of acid based on the strength of the acid
• Types of acid based on its concentration
• Types of acid based on the basicity of the acid

• Introduction of Base
• Types of bases based on acidity
• Types of bases based on therir concentration in aqueous solution
• Types of bases based on their degree of ionisation

• Introduction of Indicator
• Types of Indicators
• Concept of pH scale
• Reactions
• Experiment: 1
• Experiment: 2

• Similarities and differences between acids and bases
• Acid solution in water conducts electricity
• What Happens to an Acid or a Base in a Water Solution?

• pH Scale
• Importance of pH in Everyday Life

• Introduction of Salts
• Family of Salts
• pH Value of a Salt

• Introduction
• Experiment

• Introduction
• General Properties of Metals
• Experiment

• Physical Properties
• Activity

• Chemical Properties
• Experiment

• Introduction
• General Properties of Non-Metals

• Ionic bond or Electrovalent bond
• Mechanism of formation of ionic bond
• Lattice enthalpy
• Factors affecting the formation of an ionic bond
  i) Low ionization enthalpy
  ii) High negative electron gain enthalpy
  iii) Large lattice enthalpy
• Characteristics of ionic or electrovalent compounds
• Difference between ionic bond and covalent bond
• Covalent character in ionic bond
• Fajan's rules

• Electrolytic Refining: Purification of Metals
• Electrolytic Refining of Copper

• Corrosion
• Experiment
• Rusting Process and Corrosion Effect

• Introduction of Covalent Bond
• Formation of Covalent Bonds
• Properties of Covalent Compounds

• Introduction
• Occurrence of Carbon
• Characteristics of Carbon

• Introduction of Covalent Bond
• Formation of Covalent Bonds
• Properties of Covalent Compounds

• Allotropy
• Allotropes of Carbon

• Functional Groups
• Types of Functional Groups
• Role of Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

• Homologous Series in Organic Chemistry
• Examples of Homologous Series

• Common Naming System
• IUPAC Nomenclature

• Physical Properties of Carbon
• Chemical Properties of Carbon

• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
• Uses and Significance
• Experiment

• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
• Experiment 1
• Experiment 2
• Experiment 3
• Uses and Significance

• Introduction
• Types of Soaps
• Synthetic Detergents
• Experiment

• Detergent and Its Working
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Limitations

• Introduction
• Limitations

• Introduction
• Structure and Property

• Merits
• Demerits

• Introduction
• Periodic Trends

• Introduction
• Modes of Nutrition
• Types of Nutrients

• Digestion
• Alimentary Canal 
• Digestive organs

• Teeth and Its Types
• Structure of a Tooth

• Introduction
• Function of the Oesophagus

• Introduction
• Function of the Stomach

• Introduction
• Functions of Small Intestine

• Introduction
• Functions of Pancreas

• Introduction
• Functions of the Large Intestine

• Introduction
• Functions of the Liver

• Introduction
• Respiration involves
• Types of Respiration

• Cellular respiration
• Types of cellular respiration

1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration

• Aerobic respiration in plant/animal
• Anaerobic respiration in plant/animal
• Differences in anaerobic respiration in plants and animals

• Respiratory System
• Exchange of Gases in Lungs
• Significance of Respiration

• Circulation
• Blood vascular system
• Types of blood vascular system

1. Open circulation
2. Closed circulation

• Introduction
• Components of Blood

• Blood Circulatory System
• Blood vascular system
• Blood Composition
• Blood Coagulation (Clotting)

• Structure of the Heart
• Layers of the Heart Wall
• Chambers of the Heart
• Valves of the Heart
• Pathway of Blood through the Heart

• Blood Vessels: Structure and Functions
• Capillaries

• Blood Circulation through Heart / Functioning of Heart
• Experiment

• Types of Closed Circulation:

1. Single circulation
2. Double circulation
   - Systemic circulation
   - Pulmonary circulation
   - Coronary circulation

• Hepatic Portal System

• Heartbeat Rate
• Heart Sounds
• Pulse
• Pulse Rate

• Clotting of Blood (Coagulation)
• Blood clotting in a test tube

• Lymph and Lymphatic System
• Composition of Lymph
• Functions of Lymph

• Root
• Root Hair
• Structure of root hair

1. Root Pressure Theory (Vital Theory)
2. Capillarity theory (physical force theory)
3. Cohesion-tension theory (Transpiration pull theory)
4. Adhesion

• Path of translocation

1. Vertical translocation 
2. Lateral translocation

• Mechanism of sugar transport through phloem

• Introduction
• Human Excretory System Organs
• Excretion in Humans
• Mechanism of Excretion in Humans
• Dialysis

• Ultrafiltration
• Reabsorption
• Tubular secretion (Renal Secretion)
• Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
• Collecting duct

• Introduction
• Excretion in Plants
• Experiment
• Excretion in Human
• Formation of Urine
• Artificial kidney (Hemodialysis)

• Introduction
• Components of Nervous System
• Neuron
• Need of Nervous System

• The major division of The Nervous System

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

• Somatic Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Components of the nervous system at a glance

• Central Nervous System
• Different regions of Brain and its functions

• Peripheral Nervous System
• Types of PNS

Forebrain: 

1. Olfactory lobes
2. Cerebrum
3. Diencephalon

• Reflexes
• Types of actions

1. Voluntary actions 
2. Involuntary actions

• Various terms associated with reflex arc:

1. Receptor
2. Sensory neuron
3. Central nervous system
4. Motor neuron
5. Effector

• Immediate Response to Stimulus
• Movement Due to Growth

1. Phototropism
2. Geotroplsm
3. Hydrotroplsm
4. Thigmotropism
5. Chemotropism

Chemical Coordination

1. Autocrine 
2. Paracrine 
3. Endocrine 
4. Pheromone 

• Plant Hormones
• Types of Plant Hormones

• Auxins
• Physiological effects and applications of auxin

• Gibberellins
• Physiological effects and application of Gibberellins

• Cytokinin
• Physiological effects and applications of cytokinin

• Abscisic Acid
• Physiological effects and application of ABA

• Ethylene
• Physiological effects and application of ethylene

Human Endocrine System

• Properties of Hormones 
• Mechanism of hormone action 

• Introduction
• Reproduction in Plants
• Importance of Variation
• Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals
• Organisms Create Copies of Themselves

Mode of Reproduction in Plant:

1. Asexual reproduction

2. Sexual reproduction

• Asexual reproduction in plant

• Different modes of asexual reproduction in plant

1. Fragmentation
2. Budding
3. Spore formation
4. Binary fission
5. Conidia formation
6. Gemma formation

• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
  (i) Pre-fertilisation events
  (ii) Double fertilisation
  (iii) Post-fertilisation events

• Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
• Phases menstrual cycle

1. Menstrual phase
2. Follicular or proliferative phase
3. Ovulatory phase
4. Luteal or secretory phase

• Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programme
  - Goals of RCH Programmes

• Introduction
• Some Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Other diseases of the Reproductive Tract

• Monohybrid Cross
• Representation of a Gene

• Mendel’s Principles of Heredity
• Mendelian inheritance - Mendel’s Laws of Heredity

 Sex Determination

1. Sex Determination in human beings 
2. Sex Determination in birds 
3. Sex Determination in honey bees  

• Origin of life
• Theories of origin of life

1. Big Bang Theory
2. Theory of Panspermia
3. Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis
4. Theory of Biogenesis
5. Theory of Chemical Origin
6. Urey and Miller's experiment

• Speciation
• Modes to form New species

1. Intraspecific Speciation: Allopatric speciation and Sympatric speciation
2. Interspecific Speciation: Hybridisation

• Evidence for Biological evolution:

1. Paleontological evidence
2. Evidence from Morphological and anatomical evidence
3. Embryological evidence
4. Molecular evidence
5. Evolution by natural selection (Industrial melanism)
6. Evolution by anthropogenic

• Introduction
• Activity
• Experiment

• Laws of Reflection
• Experiment

• Rules for the construction of image formed by a spherical mirror
• Convenient rays

1. A ray passing through the centre of curvature
2. A ray parallel to the principal axis
3. A ray passing through the focus
4. A ray incident at the pole

• Experiment
• Image Formation by Concave Mirror

• Introduction
• Stepwise Derivation of the Mirror Formula

• Introduction
• Uses of Magnification

• Introduction
• Activity 1
• Activity 2
• Activity 3

• Lateral displacement

• Introduction
• Snell’s Law and Refraction in Different Media
• Absolute Refractive Indices and Applications

• Introduction
• Basic Lens Terminology
• Principal Focus (F) and Focal Length (f)
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Applications

• Rules for Image Formation by a Concave Lens
• Image Formation by a Concave Lens

• Introduction
• Applications
• Activity

• Rules for Image Formation by a Convex Lens
• Experiment
• Images formed by convex lenses for different positions of the object

• General Rules of Cartesian Sign Convention
• Sign Convention for Mirrors
• Sign Convention for Lenses

• Introduction
• Derivation of Lens Formula

• Structure and Components
• Photoreceptors and Eye Muscles

• Image Formation and Light Control
• Vision Range and Optical Properties

• Myopia and Its Causes
• Types and Symptoms of Myopia
• Myopia Correction and Treatment

• Hypermetropia and Its Causes
• Types and Symptoms of Hypermetropia
• Hypermetropia Correction and Treatment

• Presbyopia and Its Causes
• Symptoms of Presbyopia
• Presbyopia Correction and Treatments

• Refraction of light through a prism
• Factors affecting the angle of deviation

• Dispersion of Light Through a Prism
• Newton’s Disc and the Colours of Light
• Wavelength and Speed of Light in Different Media
• Activity 1
• Activity 2
• Activity 3

• Phenomena explained by the refraction of light

1. Twinkling of stars
2. Sun is visible before the actual sunrise and also after sunset.
3. Mirage
4. Looming

• Scattering of Light
• Types of Scattering of Light

1. Elastic scattering
2. Inelastic scattering
   (a) Rayleigh scattering
   (b) Rayleigh’s scattering law
   (c) Mie scattering
   (d) Tyndall scattering
   (e) Raman scattering

• Applications of Scattering of Light

1. Red colour of sun at sunrise and sunset
2. White colour of sky at noon
3. Blue colour of sky
4. Black colour of sky in absence of atmosphere
5. White colour of clouds
6. Use of red light for the danger signal

• Ampere: Pioneer of Electric Current Measurement
• Electric Current

• Introduction
• Working
• Electric Circuits and Circuit Diagrams
• Experiment
• Joule’s Law of Heating and Electrical Power

• Electrostatic Potential
• Potential Difference
• Experiment 1
• Experiment 2
• Experiment 3

• Components of Electric Circuits
• Experiment 

• Introduction
• Limitations and Applications

• Electrical Resistivity
• Unit of specific resistance
• Factors affecting the specific resistance
• Conductance and Conductivity

• Electric power

• Power-voltage rating
• Power of electrical appliances connected in parallel
• Power of electrical appliances connected in series
• Power in mixed combination of cells
• Practical units of electric energy in terms of power

• Units of electrical power

• Introduction
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Construction and Working
• Application

• Introduction
• Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
• Application

• Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction
• Factors affecting the magnitude of induced e.m.f.
• The direction of induced e.m.f.

1. Fleming’s right-hand rule
2. Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law

• Introduction
• Types of Electric Generator
• Components of an Electric Generator
• Working of an AC Generator
• AC Generator vs. DC Generator
• Application of an Electric Generator

• Alternating current generator
• Principle
• Construction and its main parts
• Working
• Frequency of alternating current

• Direct Current Motor
• Principle
• Construction and its main parts
• Working
• Ways of increasing the speed of rotation of coil

• Distinction between an A.C. generator and D.C. motor
• Similarities between an A.C. generator and D.C. motor

• Direct Current (DC)
• Alternating Current (AC)
• Differences Between AC and DC

• Introduction to Ecosystem
• Interactions in the Ecosystem

• Introduction
• Diversity in Animal Food
• Reproduction in Animals
• Classification of Animals Based on Habitat

• Introduction of Food Chain
• Advantages of Food Chain

• First Trophic level (Photoautotrophs)
• Second trophic level (Herbivores)
• Third trophic level (Carnivores) 
• Fourth Trophic level (Top carnivore) 

• Introduction of Food Web
• Advantages of Food Web

• Introduction
• Trophic Levels of The Ecosystem

• Depletion of Ozone Layer
• Chemicals responsible for the destruction of the ozone layer

• Types of Waste
• Categories of Waste
• Disposal Techniques

• Introduction  
• Fuels
• Electricity
• A Good source of energy

• Introduction
• The Formation of Fossil Fuels
• Application of Fossil Fuels

• Introduction
• Hydroelectricity
• The Production of Hydroelectricity
• Application of Hydroelectric Energy

• Biogas plant
• Biomass
• Gobar gas

• Introduction
• Wind Turbine
• Wind Power
• Uses of Wind Energy

• Solar Energy
• Production of electricity from solar energy
• Solar photovoltaic cell
• Application of solar energy
• Solar Thermal power plant

• Solar Cells
• Uses of Solar cells
• Solar Panel
• Solar Cooker
• Solar thermal power plant
• Advantages of Solar Energy

• Tidal Energy
• Wave Energy
• Ocean Thermal Energy

• Nuclear Energy
• Production of electricity from Nuclear energy
• Atomic power stations in India

• Nuclear fission
• Fissionable materials
• Chain Reaction

1. Controlled chain reaction
2. Uncontrolled chain reaction

• Critical Mass
• Atom bomb

• Introduction of Protecting our environment
• Importance of Managing Our Resources

• Forest Biology
• Forest Biodiversity

1. Crown
2. Canopy
3. Understorey

• Forest Ecosystem
• Spatial pattern: Stratification and zonation

• Introduction
• Coal
• Types of Coal

• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas