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Maharashtra State BoardSSC (Marathi Semi-English) 9th Standard [इयत्ता ९ वी]
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अभ्यासक्रम

Allotropy and Allotropes of Carbon

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Topics

  • Allotropy
  • Allotropes of Carbon

Allotropy:

Allotropy or allotropism, refers to the ability of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms in the same physical state, known as allotropes. Allotropes are structural variations of an element in which the atoms are linked together in different manners. Carbon allotropes include diamond (carbon atoms bonded together to form a cubic lattice of tetrahedra), graphite (carbon atoms bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene (single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes (carbon atoms bonded together in spherical, tubular, or ellipsoidal formations).

Allotropes of Carbon:

1. Diamond

Diamond is a well-known form of carbon. Its exceptional hardness, very high refractive index, and ability to disperse light make it valuable for both industrial uses and jewellery. Diamond is the hardest natural material, making it an excellent abrasive and allowing it to retain its polish and shine. Only another diamond can cut or scratch it. As a result, carbon in the form of diamond is one of the most expensive elements.

Structure of Diamond
2. Graphite
 
Graphite, called by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 after the Greek (graphein, "to draw/write") for its usage in pencils, is one of the most common allotropes of carbon. Graphite, unlike diamond, is an electrical conductor. As a result, it can be used as electrodes in electrical arc lamps. Similarly, under normal conditions, graphite is the most stable form of carbon. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry as the standard state for defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds.
Structure of Graphite
3. Buckyballs

Buckminsterfullerenes, also known as fullerenes or buckyballs, were discovered in 1985 by a team of scientists from Rice University and the University of Sussex, three of whom were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They are called after Richard Buckminster Fuller's geodesic structures. Fullerenes are positively curved carbon molecules that can shape into a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube (the C60 version has the same form as a traditional stitched soccer ball).

Structure of Buckminsterfullerene
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