Electric Motor

An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy using the principle of electromagnetism.

Working Principle: The electric motor operates on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force that results in rotation.

This follows Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule, which states:

• Thumb → Direction of motion (force)
• Index Finger → Direction of the magnetic field (North to South)
• Middle Finger → Direction of current

Electric motor in daily use

Main Components of an Electric Motor:

1. Rectangular Coil (ABCD): Conducts electric current and generates a magnetic field.
2. Magnets (North and South Poles): Provide a strong magnetic field for interaction with current.
3. Split rings (X and Y): Act as a commutator to reverse the direction of current after each half-rotation.
4. Carbon Brushes (E and F): Maintain electrical contact between the coil and external circuit.
5. Axle: Supports the coil and allows rotation.

Electric motor: Principle and Working

Working of an Electric Motor:

Step 1: Current Flow in the Coil

When the circuit is closed, electric current flows through the carbon brushes (E and F) and split rings (X and Y) into the rectangular coil (ABCD). The coil is placed between the north and south poles of a magnet, creating a magnetic field.

Step 2: Force on the Coil due to Magnetic Field

According to Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule:

• The AB arm experiences a downward force.
• The CD arm experiences an upward force.

These opposite forces create a torque that rotates the coil anticlockwise.

Step 3: Role of the Split Ring Commutator

After half a rotation, the split rings switch their contact with the carbon brushes. This reverses the direction of current in the coil, ensuring that the coil continues to rotate in the same direction.

Step 4: Continuous Rotation

As long as current flows, the coil keeps rotating, effectively converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. The rotation powers machines, fans, pumps, and other devices.

1. It is used in fans, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and mixers.
2. Essential in electric vehicles, trams, and locomotives.
3. Applied in water pumps, compressors, and conveyor belts.
4. It is used in industrial machines, robotic arms, and automation systems.
5. Plays a key role in MRI scanners, ventilators, and surgical tools.
6. Found in CNC machines, printers, and AI-driven systems.
7. It is used in power tools, elevators, and escalators.
8. Integral to wind turbines and hydroelectric power plants.