Question

Derive the equation of motion, range, and maximum height reached by the particle thrown at an oblique angle θ with respect to the horizontal direction.

Answer 1

This projectile motion takes place when the initial velocity is not horizontal, but at some angle with the vertical, as shown in Figure.
(Oblique projectile)
Examples:

• Water ejected out of a hose pipe held obliquely.
• Cannon fired in a battleground.

 Graphical representation of the angular projection

Consider an object thrown with the initial velocity at an angle θ with the horizontal.
Then,

`vecu = u_xhati + u_yhatj`.

where u_x = u cos θ is the horizontal component and u_y = u sin θ the vertical component of velocity. Since the acceleration due to gravity is in the direction opposite to the direction of vertical component u_y , this component will gradually reduce to zero at the maximum height of the projectile. At this maximum height, the same gravitational force will push the projectile to move downward and fall to the ground. There is no acceleration along the x-direction throughout the motion. So, the horizontal component of the velocity (u_x = u cos θ) remains the same till the object reaches the ground. Hence after the time t, the velocity along horizontal motion v_x = u_x + a_xt = u_x = u cos θ. The horizontal distance travelled by projectile m time t is s_x = `u_xt+1/2a_xt^2`
Here, s_x = x, u_x = u cos θ, a_x = 0

Initial velocity resolved into components

Thus, x = u cos θ or t = `x/(ucostheta)` ..............(i)

Next, for the vertical motion v_y= u_y + a_yt
Here u_y = u sin θ, a_y = -g (acceleration due to gravity acts opposite to the motion).
Thus, v_y= u sin θ – gt
The vertical distance traveled by the projectile at the same time t is
Here, s_y = y, u_y = u sin θ, a_x = -g. Then
y = u sinθ t – `1/2` – gt² ………..(ii)
Substitute the value of t from equation (i) in equation (ii), we have. 

`y = u sintheta x/(ucostheta) - 1/2 g x^2/(u^2 cos^2theta)`

y = `x tan theta - 1/2 g x^2/(u^2 cos^2theta)`

Thus the path followed by the projectile is an inverted parabola Maximum height (h_max): The maximum vertical distance travelled by the projectile during the journey is called maximum height. This is determined as follows:
For the vertical part of the motion.

`v_y^2 = u_y^2 + 2a_yS`

Here, u_y = u sin θ, a = -g, s = h_max, and at the maximum height v_y = 0
Hence, (0)² = u² sin² θ = 2 gh_max or `h_max = (u^2sin^2θ)/(2g)`

Time of flight (T_f):

The total time is taken by the projectile from the point of projection till it hits the horizontal plane is called the time of flight. This time of flight is the time taken by the projectile to go from point O to B via point A as shown
we know that s_y = y = 0 (net displacement in y-direction is zero),
u_y = u sin θ, a_y = -g , t = T_f Then

0 = u sinθ `T_f - 1/2gT_f^2` 

`T_f = 2u sintheta/g` ...........................(v)

Horizontal range (R):

The maximum horizontal distance between the point of projection and the point on the horizontal plane where the projectile hits the ground is called horizontal range (R). This is found easily since the horizontal component of initial velocity remains the same. We can write Range R = Horizontal component of velocity x time of flight = u cos θ × `T_f = (u^2 sin2theta)/g` The horizontal range directly depends on the initial speed (u) and the sine of the angle of projection (θ). It inversely depends on acceleration due to gravity ‘g’.
For a given initial speed u, the maximum possible range is reached when sin 2θ is maximum, sin 2θ = 1. This implies 2θ = `π/2` or θ = `pi/4` This means that if the particle is projected at 45 degrees with respect to horizontal, it attains maximum range, given by. 

`R_max = u^2/g` ......................(Vi)